This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Levy, J A Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Levy, J A

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1993 March; 57(1): 183-289

Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94143-0128.

SUMMARY

The lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS by interacting with a large number of different cells in the body and escaping the host immune response against it. HIV is transmitted primarily through blood and genital fluids and to newborn infants from infected mothers. The steps occurring in infection involve an interaction of HIV not only with the CD4 molecule on cells but also with other cellular receptors recently identified. Virus-cell fusion and HIV entry subsequently take place. Following virus infection, a variety of intracellular mechanisms determine the relative expression of viral regulatory and accessory genes leading to productive or latent infection. With CD4+ lymphocytes, HIV replication can cause syncytium formation and cell death; with other cells, such as macrophages, persistent infection can occur, creating reservoirs for the virus in many cells and tissues. HIV strains are highly heterogeneous, and certain biologic and serologic properties determined by specific genetic sequences can be linked to pathogenic pathways and resistance to the immune response. The host reaction against HIV, through neutralizing antibodies and particularly through strong cellular immune responses, can keep the virus suppressed for many years. Long-term survival appears to involve infection with a relatively low-virulence strain that remains sensitive to the immune response, particularly to control by CD8+ cell antiviral activity. Several therapeutic approaches have been attempted, and others are under investigation. Vaccine development has provided some encouraging results, but the observations indicate the major challenge of preventing infection by HIV. Ongoing research is necessary to find a solution to this devastating worldwide epidemic.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Dondji, B., Bungiro, R. D., Harrison, L. M., Vermeire, J. J., Bifulco, C., McMahon-Pratt, D., Cappello, M. (2008). Role for Nitric Oxide in Hookworm-Associated Immune Suppression. Infect. Immun. 76: 2560-2567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cole, S. W. (2008). Psychosocial Influences on HIV-1 Disease Progression: Neural, Endocrine, and Virologic Mechanisms. Psychosom. Med. 70: 562-568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laforge, M., Petit, F., Estaquier, J., Senik, A. (2007). Commitment to Apoptosis in CD4+ T Lymphocytes Productively Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Initiated by Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization, Itself Induced by the Isolated Expression of the Viral Protein Nef. J. Virol. 81: 11426-11440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Okoye, A., Meier-Schellersheim, M., Brenchley, J. M., Hagen, S. I., Walker, J. M., Rohankhedkar, M., Lum, R., Edgar, J. B., Planer, S. L., Legasse, A., Sylwester, A. W., Piatak, M. Jr., Lifson, J. D., Maino, V. C., Sodora, D. L., Douek, D. C., Axthelm, M. K., Grossman, Z., Picker, L. J. (2007). Progressive CD4+ central memory T cell decline results in CD4+ effector memory insufficiency and overt disease in chronic SIV infection. J. Exp. Med. 204: 2171-2185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Belyakov, I. M., Isakov, D., Zhu, Q., Dzutsev, A., Berzofsky, J. A. (2007). A Novel Functional CTL Avidity/Activity Compartmentalization to the Site of Mucosal Immunization Contributes to Protection of Macaques against Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Viral Depletion of Mucosal CD4+ T Cells. J. Immunol. 178: 7211-7221 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anderson, J. L., Johnson, A. T., Howard, J. L., Purcell, D. F. J. (2007). Both Linear and Discontinuous Ribosome Scanning Are Used for Translation Initiation from Bicistronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env mRNAs. J. Virol. 81: 4664-4676 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hossain, M. M., Parniak, M. A. (2006). In Vitro Microbicidal Activity of the Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 against NNRTI-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 80: 4440-4446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• AZAD, A. A. (2005). Novel Drugs and Vaccines Based on the Structure and Function of HIV Pathogenic Proteins Including Nef. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1056: 279-292 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clay, C. C., Rodrigues, D. S., Harvey, D. J., Leutenegger, C. M., Esser, U. (2005). Distinct Chemokine Triggers and In Vivo Migratory Paths of Fluorescein Dye-Labeled T Lymphocytes in Acutely Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251-Infected and Uninfected Macaques. J. Virol. 79: 13759-13768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aukrust, P., Luna, L., Ueland, T., Johansen, R. F., Muller, F., Froland, S. S., Seeberg, E. C., Bjoras, M. (2005). Impaired base excision repair and accumulation of oxidative base lesions in CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected patients. Blood 105: 4730-4735 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Speirs, C., van Nimwegen, E., Bolton, D., Zavolan, M., Duvall, M., Angleman, S., Siegel, R., Perelson, A. S., Lenardo, M. J. (2005). Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cytopathicity by Using a New Method for Quantitating Viral Dynamics in Cell Culture. J. Virol. 79: 4025-4032 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Picker, L. J., Hagen, S. I., Lum, R., Reed-Inderbitzin, E. F., Daly, L. M., Sylwester, A. W., Walker, J. M., Siess, D. C., Piatak, M. Jr., Wang, C., Allison, D. B., Maino, V. C., Lifson, J. D., Kodama, T., Axthelm, M. K. (2004). Insufficient Production and Tissue Delivery of CD4+ Memory T Cells in Rapidly Progressive Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Exp. Med. 200: 1299-1314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Borkow, G., Bentwich, Z. (2004). Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 1012-1030 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mansharamani, M., Graham, D. R. M., Monie, D., Lee, K. K., Hildreth, J. E. K., Siliciano, R. F., Wilson, K. L. (2003). Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor BAF Binds p55 Gag and Matrix and Is a Host Component of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions. J. Virol. 77: 13084-13092 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vogel, T. U., Reynolds, M. R., Fuller, D. H., Vielhuber, K., Shipley, T., Fuller, J. T., Kunstman, K. J., Sutter, G., Marthas, M. L., Erfle, V., Wolinsky, S. M., Wang, C., Allison, D. B., Rud, E. W., Wilson, N., Montefiori, D., Altman, J. D., Watkins, D. I. (2003). Multispecific Vaccine-Induced Mucosal Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Reduce Acute-Phase Viral Replication but Fail in Long-Term Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239. J. Virol. 77: 13348-13360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Palmer, S., Wiegand, A. P., Maldarelli, F., Bazmi, H., Mican, J. M., Polis, M., Dewar, R. L., Planta, A., Liu, S., Metcalf, J. A., Mellors, J. W., Coffin, J. M. (2003). New Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Initiated PCR Assay with Single-Copy Sensitivity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 4531-4536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rangel, H. R., Weber, J., Chakraborty, B., Gutierrez, A., Marotta, M. L., Mirza, M., Kiser, P., Martinez, M. A., Este, J. A., Quinones-Mateu, M. E. (2003). Role of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Gene in Viral Fitness. J. Virol. 77: 9069-9073 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouma, P., Leavitt, M., Zhang, P. F., Sidorov, I. A., Dimitrov, D. S., Quinnan, G. V. Jr. (2003). Multiple Interactions across the Surface of the gp120 Core Structure Determine the Global Neutralization Resistance Phenotype of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 77: 8061-8071 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Alimonti, J. B., Ball, T. B., Fowke, K. R. (2003). Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. J. Gen. Virol. 84: 1649-1661 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dong, M., Zhang, P. F., Grieder, F., Lee, J., Krishnamurthy, G., VanCott, T., Broder, C., Polonis, V. R., Yu, X.-F., Shao, Y., Faix, D., Valente, P., Quinnan, G. V. Jr. (2003). Induction of Primary Virus-Cross-Reactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Antibodies in Small Animals by Using an Alphavirus-Derived In Vivo Expression System. J. Virol. 77: 3119-3130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Adelson, M. E., Pacchia, A. L., Kaul, M., Rando, R. F., Ron, Y., Peltz, S. W., Dougherty, J. P. (2003). Toward the Development of a Virus-Cell-Based Assay for the Discovery of Novel Compounds against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 501-508 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blanco, R., Carrasco, L., Ventoso, I. (2003). Cell Killing by HIV-1 Protease. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 1086-1093 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hsu, M., Harouse, J. M., Gettie, A., Buckner, C., Blanchard, J., Cheng-Mayer, C. (2002). Increased Mucosal Transmission but Not Enhanced Pathogenicity of the CCR5-Tropic, Simian AIDS-Inducing Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P3 Maps to Envelope gp120. J. Virol. 77: 989-998 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kostrikis, L. G., Touloumi, G., Karanicolas, R., Pantazis, N., Anastassopoulou, C., Karafoulidou, A., Goedert, J. J., Hatzakis, A. (2002). Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Forms with the Second Template Switch in Peripheral Blood Cells Predicts Disease Progression Independently of Plasma RNA Load. J. Virol. 76: 10099-10108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kay, D. G., Yue, P., Hanna, Z., Jothy, S., Tremblay, E., Jolicoeur, P. (2002). Cardiac Disease in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Nef in Cells of the Immune System. Am. J. Pathol. 161: 321-335 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Patel, P. G., Yu Kimata, M. T., Biggins, J. E., Wilson, J. M., Kimata, J. T. (2002). Highly Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus mne Variants That Emerge during the Course of Infection Evolve Enhanced Infectivity and the Ability To Downregulate CD4 but Not Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens. J. Virol. 76: 6425-6434 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Palmer, B. E., Boritz, E., Blyveis, N., Wilson, C. C. (2002). Discordance between Frequency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific Gamma Interferon-Producing CD4+ T Cells and HIV-1-Specific Lymphoproliferation in HIV-1-Infected Subjects with Active Viral Replication. J. Virol. 76: 5925-5936 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chehimi, J., Campbell, D. E., Azzoni, L., Bacheller, D., Papasavvas, E., Jerandi, G., Mounzer, K., Kostman, J., Trinchieri, G., Montaner, L. J. (2002). Persistent Decreases in Blood Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Number and Function Despite Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Increased Blood Myeloid Dendritic Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals. J. Immunol. 168: 4796-4801 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dinman, J. D., Richter, S., Plant, E. P., Taylor, R. C., Hammell, A. B., Rana, T. M. (2002). The frameshift signal of HIV-1 involves a potential intramolecular triplex RNA structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 5331-5336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Krust, B., Vienet, R., Cardona, A., Rougeot, C., Jacotot, E., Callebaut, C., Guichard, G., Briand, J. P., Grognet, J. M., Hovanessian, A. G., Edelman, L. (2001). The anti-HIV pentameric pseudopeptide HB-19 is preferentially taken up in vivo by lymphoid organs where it forms a complex with nucleolin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.221467298v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, C. W-H., Chishti, Y., Hussey, R. E., Reinherz, E. L. (2001). Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Recombinant HIV gp140. THE gp41 ECTODOMAIN OF HIV OR SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IS SUFFICIENT TO MAINTAIN THE RETROVIRAL ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN AS A TRIMER. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 39577-39585 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, E. D., Duus, K. M., Townsend, M., Yi, Y., Collman, R., Reitz, M., Su, L. (2001). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 IIIB Selected for Replication In Vivo Exhibits Increased Envelope Glycoproteins in Virions without Alteration in Coreceptor Usage: Separation of In Vivo Replication from Macrophage Tropism. J. Virol. 75: 8498-8506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Canki, M., Thai, J. N. F., Chao, W., Ghorpade, A., Potash, M. J., Volsky, D. J. (2001). Highly Productive Infection with Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Indicates No Intracellular Restrictions to HIV-1 Replication in Primary Human Astrocytes. J. Virol. 75: 7925-7933 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fonseca, D. P. A. J., Benaissa-Trouw, B., van Engelen, M., Kraaijeveld, C. A., Snippe, H., Verheul, A. F. M. (2001). Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using DNA Vaccines Encoding Cytotoxic and Helper T-Cell Epitopes of the 38-Kilodalton Protein. Infect. Immun. 69: 4839-4845 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McBreen, S., Imlach, S., Shirafuji, T., Scott, G. R., Leen, C., Bell, J. E., Simmonds, P. (2001). Infection of the CD45RA+ (Naive) Subset of Peripheral CD8+ Lymphocytes by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vivo. J. Virol. 75: 4091-4102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Duus, K. M., Miller, E. D., Smith, J. A., Kovalev, G. I., Su, L. (2001). Separation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication from nef-Mediated Pathogenesis in the Human Thymus. J. Virol. 75: 3916-3924 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Helle, S. I., Ueland, T., Ekse, D., Frøland, S. S., Holly, J. M. P., Lønning, P. E., Aukrust, P. (2001). The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Relations to Immunological Parameters, Disease Progression, and Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 227-233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ikuta, K., Suzuki, S., Horikoshi, H., Mukai, T., Luftig, R. B. (2000). Positive and Negative Aspects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease: Development of Inhibitors versus Its Role in AIDS Pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64: 725-745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, S. P., Tomkowicz, B., Lai, D., Cartas, M., Mahalingam, S., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Murali, R., Srinivasan, A. (2000). Functional Role of Residues Corresponding to Helical Domain II (Amino Acids 35 to 46) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr. J. Virol. 74: 10650-10657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Etemad-Moghadam, B., Sun, Y., Nicholson, E. K., Fernandes, M., Liou, K., Gomila, R., Lee, J., Sodroski, J. (2000). Envelope Glycoprotein Determinants of Increased Fusogenicity in a Pathogenic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV-KB9) Passaged In Vivo. J. Virol. 74: 4433-4440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, S., Juarez, J., Alali, M., Dwyer, D., Collman, R., Cunningham, A., Naif, H. M. (1999). Persistent CCR5 Utilization and Enhanced Macrophage Tropism by Primary Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from Advanced Stages of Disease and Comparison to Tissue-Derived Isolates. J. Virol. 73: 9741-9755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shankarappa, R., Margolick, J. B., Gange, S. J., Rodrigo, A. G., Upchurch, D., Farzadegan, H., Gupta, P., Rinaldo, C. R., Learn, G. H., He, X., Huang, X.-L., Mullins, J. I. (1999). Consistent Viral Evolutionary Changes Associated with the Progression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol. 73: 10489-10502 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vahlenkamp, T. W., De Ronde, A., Schuurman, N. N. M. P., van Vliet, A. L. W., van Drunen, J., Horzinek, M. C., Egberink, H. F. (1999). Envelope gene sequences encoding variable regions 3 and 4 are involved in macrophage tropism of feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Gen. Virol. 80: 2639-2646 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ali, S. A., Joao, H. C., Hammerschmid, F., Eder, J., Steinkasserer, A. (1999). Transferrin Trojan Horses as a Rational Approach for the Biological Delivery of Therapeutic Peptide Domains. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 24066-24073 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maurice, M., Mazur, S., Bullough, F. J., Salvetti, A., Collins, M. K.L., Russell, S. J., Cosset, F.-L. (1999). Efficient Gene Delivery to Quiescent Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-Dependent Cells by Murine Leukemia Virus-Derived Vectors Harboring IL-2 Chimeric Envelopes Glycoproteins. Blood 94: 401-410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Richardson, J., Pancino, G., Merat, R., Leste-Lasserre, T., Moraillon, A., Schneider-Mergener, J., Alizon, M., Sonigo, P., Heveker, N. (1999). Shared Usage of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 by Primary and Laboratory-Adapted Strains of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol. 73: 3661-3671 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hrimech, M., Yao, X.-J., Bachand, F., Rougeau, N., Cohen, E. A. (1999). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr Functions as an Immediate-Early Protein during HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 73: 4101-4109 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Srivastava, M., Cartas, M., Rizvi, T. A., Singh, S. P., Serio, D., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Pollard, H. B., Srinivasan, A. (1999). HIV-1 Gag shares a signature motif with annexin (Anx7), which is required for virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 2704-2709 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chan, S. Y., Speck, R. F., Power, C., Gaffen, S. L., Chesebro, B., Goldsmith, M. A. (1999). V3 Recombinants Indicate a Central Role for CCR5 as a Coreceptor in Tissue Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 73: 2350-2358 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kimata, J. T., Gosink, J. J., KewalRamani, V. N., Rudensey, L. M., Littman, D. R., Overbaugh, J. (1999). Coreceptor Specificity of Temporal Variants of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Mne. J. Virol. 73: 1655-1660 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Paterson, R. K., Bluethmann, H., Tseng, P.-o., Dunlap, A., Finkel, T. H. (1999). Development and function of autospecific dual TCR+ T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 11: 113-119 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sakaida, H., Hori, T., Yonezawa, A., Sato, A., Isaka, Y., Yoshie, O., Hattori, T., Uchiyama, T. (1998). T-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Derived V3 Loop Peptides Directly Bind to CXCR-4 and Inhibit T-Tropic HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 72: 9763-9770 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Juompan, L., Lambin, P., Zouali, M. (1998). Selective deficit in antibodies specific for the superantigen binding site of gp120 in HIV infection. FASEB J. 12: 1473-1480 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dumais, N., Barbeau, B., Olivier, M., Tremblay, M. J. (1998). Prostaglandin E2 Up-regulates HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat-driven Gene Activity in T Cells via NF-kappa B-dependent and -Independent Signaling Pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 27306-27314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rebolledo, M. A., Krogstad, P., Chen, F., Shannon, K. M., Klitzner, T. S. (1998). Infection of Human Fetal Cardiac Myocytes by a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1–Derived Vector. Circ. Res. 83: 738-742 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Park, E. J., Vujcic, L. K., Anand, R., Theodore, T. S., Quinnan, G. V. Jr. (1998). Mutations in both gp120 and gp41 Are Responsible for the Broad Neutralization Resistance of Variant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 MN to Antibodies Directed at V3 and Non-V3 Epitopes. J. Virol. 72: 7099-7107 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Esser, R., Glienke, W., Andreesen, R., Unger, R. E., Kreutz, M., Rubsamen-Waigmann, H., von Briesen, H. (1998). Individual Cell Analysis of the Cytokine Repertoire in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Monocytes/Macrophages by a Combination of Immunocytochemistry and In Situ Hybridization. Blood 91: 4752-4760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davis, I. C., Girard, M., Fultz, P. N. (1998). Loss of CD4+ T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Chimpanzees Is Associated with Increased Lymphocyte Apoptosis. J. Virol. 72: 4623-4632 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Navarro, J., Punzon, C., Jimenez, J. L., Fernandez-Cruz, E., Pizarro, A., Fresno, M., Munoz-Fernandez, M. A. (1998). Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase Type IV Suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Cytokine Production in Primary T Cells: Involvement of NF-kappa B and NFAT. J. Virol. 72: 4712-4720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gandhi, R. T., Chen, B. K., Straus, S. E., Dale, J. K., Lenardo, M. J., Baltimore, D. (1998). HIV-1 Directly Kills CD4+ T Cells by a Fas-independent Mechanism. J. Exp. Med. 187: 1113-1122 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bernier, R., Barbeau, B., J. Tremblay, M., Olivier, M. (1998). The Lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani Up-Regulates HIV-1 Transcription in T Cells Through the Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Elements. J. Immunol. 160: 2881-2888 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Belyakov, I. M., Derby, M. A., Ahlers, J. D., Kelsall, B. L., Earl, P., Moss, B., Strober, W., Berzofsky, J. A. (1998). Mucosal immunization with HIV-1 peptide vaccine induces mucosal and systemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protective immunity in mice against intrarectal recombinant HIV-vaccinia challenge. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 1709-1714 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van der Hoek, L, Sol, C., Maas, J, Lukashov, V., Kuiken, C., Goudsmit, J (1998). Genetic differences between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subpopulations in faeces and serum. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 259-267 [Abstract]  
• Rudensey, L. M., Kimata, J. T., Long, E. M., Chackerian, B., Overbaugh, J. (1998). Changes in the Extracellular Envelope Glycoprotein of Variants That Evolve during the Course of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVMne Infection Affect Neutralizing Antibody Recognition, Syncytium Formation, and Macrophage Tropism but Not Replication, Cytopathicity, or CCR-5 Coreceptor Recognition. J. Virol. 72: 209-217 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kimata, J. T., Mozaffarian, A., Overbaugh, J. (1998). A Lymph Node-Derived Cytopathic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Mne Variant Replicates in Nonstimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J. Virol. 72: 245-256 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bracci, L., Ballas, S. K., Spreafico, A., Neri, P. (1997). Molecular Mimicry Between the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 GP120: Cross-Reacting Antibodies Induced by Rabies Vaccination. Blood 90: 3623-3628 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hestdal, K., Aukrust, P., Muller, F., Lien, E., Bjerkeli, V., Espevik, T., Froland, S. S. (1997). Dysregulation of Membrane-Bound Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors on Mononuclear Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection: Low Percentage of p75-Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Positive Cells in Patients With Advanced Disease and High Viral Load. Blood 90: 2670-2679 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bahner, I., Kearns, K., Coutinho, S., Leonard, E. H., Kohn, D. B. (1997). Infection of Human Marrow Stroma by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Is Both Required and Sufficient for HIV-1-Induced Hematopoietic Suppression In Vitro: Demonstration by Gene Modification of Primary Human Stroma. Blood 90: 1787-1798 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Junker, U., Moon, J. J., Kalfoglou, C. S., Sniecinski, I., Forman, S. J., Zaia, J. A., Kaneshima, H., Bohnlein, E. (1997). Hematopoietic Potential and Retroviral Transduction of CD34+Thy-1+ Peripheral Blood Stem Cells From Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1-Infected Individuals Mobilized With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor. Blood 89: 4299-4306 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Serio, D., Rizvi, T. A., Cartas, M., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Weber, I. T., Koprowski, H., Srinivasan, A. (1997). Development of a novel anti-HIV-1 agent from within: Effect of chimeric Vpr-containing protease cleavage site residues on virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3346-3351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Su, L., Lee, R., Bonyhadi, M., Matsuzaki, H., Forestell, S., Escaich, S., Bohnlein, E., Kaneshima, H. (1997). Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Based Gene Therapy for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Efficient Transduction and Expression of RevM10 in Myeloid Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. Blood 89: 2283-2290 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rivas, C. I., Vera, J. C., Guaiquil, V. H., Velasquez, F. V., Borquez-Ojeda, O. A., Carcamo, J. G., Concha, I. I., Golde, D. W. (1997). Increased Uptake and Accumulation of Vitamin C in Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1-infected Hematopoietic Cell Lines. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 5814-5820 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Karray, S., Zouali, M. (1997). Identification of the B cell superantigen-binding site of HIV-1 gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1356-1360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Decroly, E., Wouters, S., Di Bello, C., Lazure, C., Ruysschaert, J.-M., Seidah, N. G. (1996). Identification of the Paired Basic Convertases Implicated in HIV gp160 Processing Based on in Vitro Assays and Expression in CD4+ Cell Lines. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 30442-30450 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kourtis, A. P., Ibegbu, C., Nahmias, A. J., Lee, F. K., Clark, W. S., Sawyer, M. K., Nesheim, S. (1996). Early Progression of Disease in HIV-Infected Infants with Thymus Dysfunction. NEJM 335: 1431-1436 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ruiz, M, Roodman, S., Bouhasin, J., Knutsen, A. (1996). T cell differentiation/maturation of CD34+ stem cells from HIV- seropositive hemophiliacs in cultured thymic epithelial fragments. Stem Cells 14: 132-145 [Abstract]  
• Coffin, J. (1995). HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 267: 483-489 [Abstract]  
• Mosmann, T. (1994). Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science 265: 193-194  
• Fauci, A. (1993). Multifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus disease: implications for therapy. Science 262: 1011-1018 [Abstract]  
• Weiss, R. (1993). How does HIV cause AIDS?. Science 260: 1273-1279 [Abstract]  
• Krust, B., Vienet, R., Cardona, A., Rougeot, C., Jacotot, E., Callebaut, C., Guichard, G., Briand, J. P., Grognet, J. M., Hovanessian, A. G., Edelman, L. (2001). The anti-HIV pentameric pseudopeptide HB-19 is preferentially taken up in vivo by lymphoid organs where it forms a complex with nucleolin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 14090-14095 [Abstract] [Full Text]