This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Prescott, D M
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Prescott, D M

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1994 June; 58(2): 233-267

The DNA of ciliated protozoa.

D M Prescott

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0347.

SUMMARY

Ciliates contain two types of nuclei: a micronucleus and a macronucleus. The micronucleus serves as the germ line nucleus but does not express its genes. The macronucleus provides the nuclear RNA for vegetative growth. Mating cells exchange haploid micronuclei, and a new macronucleus develops from a new diploid micronucleus. The old macronucleus is destroyed. This conversion consists of amplification, elimination, fragmentation, and splicing of DNA sequences on a massive scale. Fragmentation produces subchromosomal molecules in Tetrahymena and Paramecium cells and much smaller, gene-sized molecules in hypotrichous ciliates to which telomere sequences are added. These molecules are then amplified, some to higher copy numbers than others. rDNA is differentially amplified to thousands of copies per macronucleus. Eliminated sequences include transposonlike elements and sequences called internal eliminated sequences that interrupt gene coding regions in the micronuclear genome. Some, perhaps all, of these are excised as circular molecules and destroyed. In at least some hypotrichs, segments of some micronuclear genes are scrambled in a nonfunctional order and are recorded during macronuclear development. Vegetatively growing ciliates appear to possess a mechanism for adjusting copy numbers of individual genes, which corrects gene imbalances resulting from random distribution of DNA molecules during amitosis of the macronucleus. Other distinctive features of ciliate DNA include an altered use of the conventional stop codons.

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1994 June; 58(2): 233-267




This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Motl, J. A., Chalker, D. L. (2009). Subtraction by addition: domesticated transposases in programmed DNA elimination. Genes Dev. 23: 2455-2460 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nowacki, M., Higgins, B. P., Maquilan, G. M., Swart, E. C., Doak, T. G., Landweber, L. F. (2009). A Functional Role for Transposases in a Large Eukaryotic Genome. Science 324: 935-938 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shao, R., Kirkness, E. F., Barker, S. C. (2009). The single mitochondrial chromosome typical of animals has evolved into 18 minichromosomes in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus. Genome Res 19: 904-912 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Duret, L., Cohen, J., Jubin, C., Dessen, P., Gout, J.-F., Mousset, S., Aury, J.-M., Jaillon, O., Noel, B., Arnaiz, O., Betermier, M., Wincker, P., Meyer, E., Sperling, L. (2008). Analysis of sequence variability in the macronuclear DNA of Paramecium tetraurelia: A somatic view of the germline. Genome Res 18: 585-596 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Parfrey, L. W., Lahr, D. J. G., Katz, L. A. (2008). The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes. Mol Biol Evol 25: 787-794 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rexer, C. H., Chalker, D. L. (2007). Lia1p, a Novel Protein Required during Nuclear Differentiation for Genome-Wide DNA Rearrangements in Tetrahymena thermophila. Eukaryot Cell 6: 1320-1329 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yao, M.-C., Yao, C.-H., Halasz, L. M., Fuller, P., Rexer, C. H., Wang, S. H., Jain, R., Coyne, R. S., Chalker, D. L. (2007). Identification of novel chromatin-associated proteins involved in programmed genome rearrangements in Tetrahymena. J. Cell Sci. 120: 1978-1989 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Skovorodkin, I., Pimenov, A., Raykhel, I., Schimanski, B., Ammermann, D., Gunzl, A. (2007). {alpha}-Tubulin Minichromosome Promoters in the Stichotrichous Ciliate Stylonychia lemnae. Eukaryot Cell 6: 28-36 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kowalczyk, C. A., Anderson, A. M., Arce-Larreta, M., Chalker, D. L. (2006). The germ line limited M element of Tetrahymena is targeted for elimination from the somatic genome by a homology-dependent mechanism. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 5778-5789 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hamilton, E. P., Williamson, S., Dunn, S., Merriam, V., Lin, C., Vong, L., Russell-Colantonio, J., Orias, E. (2006). The Highly Conserved Family of Tetrahymena thermophila Chromosome Breakage Elements Contains an Invariant 10-Base-Pair Core.. Eukaryot Cell 5: 771-780 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wong, L. C., Landweber, L. F. (2006). Evolution of Programmed DNA Rearrangements in a Scrambled Gene. Mol Biol Evol 23: 756-763 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kuo, S., Chang, W.-J., Landweber, L. F. (2006). Complex Germline Architecture: Two Genes Intertwined on Two Loci. Mol Biol Evol 23: 4-6 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Juranek, S. A., Rupprecht, S., Postberg, J., Lipps, H. J. (2005). snRNA and Heterochromatin Formation Are Involved in DNA Excision during Macronuclear Development in Stichotrichous Ciliates. Eukaryot Cell 4: 1934-1941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chang, W.-J., Bryson, P. D., Liang, H., Shin, M. K., Landweber, L. F. (2005). The evolutionary origin of a complex scrambled gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 15149-15154 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Malone, C. D., Anderson, A. M., Motl, J. A., Rexer, C. H., Chalker, D. L. (2005). Germ Line Transcripts Are Processed by a Dicer-Like Protein That Is Essential for Developmentally Programmed Genome Rearrangements of Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 9151-9164 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Postberg, J., Alexandrova, O., Cremer, T., Lipps, H. J. (2005). Exploiting nuclear duality of ciliates to analyse topological requirements for DNA replication and transcription. J. Cell Sci. 118: 3973-3983 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hamilton, E., Bruns, P., Lin, C., Merriam, V., Orias, E., Vong, L., Cassidy-Hanley, D. (2005). Genome-Wide Characterization of Tetrahymena thermophila Chromosome Breakage Sites. I. Cloning and Identification of Functional Sites. Genetics 170: 1611-1621 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bernstein, E., Allis, C. D. (2005). RNA meets chromatin. Genes Dev. 19: 1635-1655 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stover, N. A., Cavalcanti, A. R. O., Li, A. J., Richardson, B. C., Landweber, L. F. (2005). Reciprocal Fusions of Two Genes in the Formaldehyde Detoxification Pathway in Ciliates and Diatoms. Mol Biol Evol 22: 1539-1542 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cavalcanti, A. R. O., Clarke, T. H., Landweber, L. F. (2005). MDS_IES_DB: a database of macronuclear and micronuclear genes in spirotrichous ciliates. Nucleic Acids Res 33: D396-D398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mochizuki, K., Gorovsky, M. A. (2005). A Dicer-like protein in Tetrahymena has distinct functions in genome rearrangement, chromosome segregation, and meiotic prophase. Genes Dev. 19: 77-89 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Amar, L., Dubrana, K. (2004). Epigenetic Control of Chromosome Breakage at the 5' End of Paramecium tetraurelia Gene A. Eukaryot Cell 3: 1136-1146 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • AIGNER, S., CECH, T. R. (2004). The Euplotes telomerase subunit p43 stimulates enzymatic activity and processivity in vitro. RNA 10: 1108-1118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Katz, L. A., Bornstein, J. G., Lasek-Nesselquist, E., Muse, S. V. (2004). Dramatic Diversity of Ciliate Histone H4 Genes Revealed by Comparisons of Patterns of Substitutions and Paralog Divergences Among Eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 21: 555-562 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Villalobo, E., Moch, C., Fryd-Versavel, G., Fleury-Aubusson, A., Morin, L. (2003). Cysteine Proteases and Cell Differentiation: Excystment of the Ciliated Protist Sterkiella histriomuscorum. Eukaryot Cell 2: 1234-1245 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ardell, D. H., Lozupone, C. A., Landweber, L. F. (2003). Polymorphism, Recombination and Alternative Unscrambling in the DNA Polymerase {alpha} Gene of the Ciliate Stylonychia lemnae (Alveolata; class Spirotrichea). Genetics 165: 1761-1777 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bryan, T. M., Goodrich, K. J., Cech, T. R. (2003). Tetrahymena Telomerase Is Active as a Monomer. Mol. Biol. Cell 14: 4794-4804 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Le Mouel, A., Butler, A., Caron, F., Meyer, E. (2003). Developmentally Regulated Chromosome Fragmentation Linked to Imprecise Elimination of Repeated Sequences in Paramecia. Eukaryot Cell 2: 1076-1090 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Haynes, W. J., Ling, K.-Y., Saimi, Y., Kung, C. (2003). PAK Paradox: Paramecium Appears To Have More K+-Channel Genes than Humans. Eukaryot Cell 2: 737-745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mollenbeck, M., Postberg, J., Paeschke, K., Rossbach, M., Jonsson, F., Lipps, H. J. (2003). The telomerase-associated protein p43 is involved in anchoring telomerase in the nucleus. J. Cell Sci. 116: 1757-1761 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Juranek, S., Wieden, H.-J., Lipps, H. J. (2003). De novo cytosine methylation in the differentiating macronucleus of the stichotrichous ciliate Stylonychia lemnae. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 1387-1391 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jacobs, M. E., Sanchez-Blanco, A., Katz, L. A., Klobutcher, L. A. (2003). Tec3, a New Developmentally Eliminated DNA Element in Euplotes crassus. Eukaryot Cell 2: 103-114 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tan, M., Jahn, C. L., Price, C. M. (2003). Origin Usage during Euplotes Ribosomal DNA Amplification. Eukaryot Cell 2: 115-122 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fetzer, C. P., Hogan, D. J., Lipps, H. J. (2002). A PIWI homolog is one of the proteins expressed exclusively during macronuclear development in the ciliate Stylonychia lemnae. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 4380-4386 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, L., Dean, S. R., Shippen, D. E. (2002). Oligomerization of the telomerase reverse transcriptase from Euplotes crassus. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 4032-4039 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ray, S., Karamysheva, Z., Wang, L., Shippen, D. E., Price, C. M. (2002). Interactions between Telomerase and Primase Physically Link the Telomere and Chromosome Replication Machinery. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 5859-5868 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wuitschick, J. D., Gershan, J. A., Lochowicz, A. J., Li, S., Karrer, K. M. (2002). A novel family of mobile genetic elements is limited to the germline genome in Tetrahymena thermophila. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 2524-2537 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sperling, L., Dessen, P., Zagulski, M., Pearlman, R. E., Migdalski, A., Gromadka, R., Froissard, M., Keller, A.-M., Cohen, J. (2002). Random Sequencing of Paramecium Somatic DNA. Eukaryot Cell 1: 341-352 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mollenbeck, M., Klobutcher, L. A. (2002). De novo telomere addition to spacer sequences prior to their developmental degradation in Euplotes crassus. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 523-531 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Villalobo, E., Morin, L., Moch, C., Lescasse, R., Hanna, M., Xiao, W., Baroin-Tourancheau, A. (2002). A Homologue of CROC-1 in a Ciliated Protist (Sterkiella histriomuscorum) Testifies to the Ancient Origin of the Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme Variant Family. Mol Biol Evol 19: 39-48 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Galvani, A., Sperling, L. (2001). Transgene-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing is inhibited by 3' non-coding sequences in Paramecium. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 4387-4394 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Adam, R. D. (2001). Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 447-475 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Riley, J. L., Katz, L. A. (2001). Widespread Distribution of Extensive Chromosomal Fragmentation in Ciliates. Mol Biol Evol 18: 1372-1377 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schaffitzel, C., Berger, I., Postberg, J., Hanes, J., Lipps, H. J., Pluckthun, A. (2001). In vitro generated antibodies specific for telomeric guanine-quadruplex DNA react with Stylonychia lemnae macronuclei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.141229498v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fillingham, J. S., Bruno, D., Pearlman, R. E. (2001). Cis-acting requirements in flanking DNA for the programmed elimination of mse2.9: a common mechanism for deletion of internal eliminated sequences from the developing macronucleus of Tetrahymena thermophila. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 488-498 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Postberg, J, Juranek, S., Feiler, S, Kortwig, H, Jonsson, F, Lipps, H. (2001). Association of the telomere-telomere-binding protein complex of hypotrichous ciliates with the nuclear matrix and dissociation during replication. J. Cell Sci. 114: 1861-1866 [Abstract]  
  • Ku, M., Mayer, K., Forney, J. D. (2000). Developmentally Regulated Excision of a 28-Base-Pair Sequence from the Paramecium Genome Requires Flanking DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 8390-8396 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lu, Q., Henderson, E. (2000). Two Tetrahymena G-DNA-binding proteins, TGP1 and TGP3, share novel motifs and may play a role in micronuclear division. Nucleic Acids Res 28: 2993-3001 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wong, L., Klionsky, L., Wickert, S., Merriam, V., Orias, E., Hamilton, E. P. (2000). Autonomously Replicating Macronuclear DNA Pieces Are the Physical Basis of Genetic Coassortment Groups in Tetrahymena thermophila. Genetics 155: 1119-1125 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nikiforov, M. A., Gorovsky, M. A., Allis, C. D. (2000). A Novel Chromodomain Protein, Pdd3p, Associates with Internal Eliminated Sequences during Macronuclear Development in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 4128-4134 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Marsh, T. C., Cole, E. S., Stuart, K. R., Campbell, C., Romero, D. P. (2000). RAD51 Is Required for Propagation of the Germinal Nucleus in Tetrahymena thermophila. Genetics 154: 1587-1596 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bétermier, M., Duharcourt, S., Seitz, H., Meyer, E. (2000). Timing of Developmentally Programmed Excision and Circularization of Paramecium Internal Eliminated Sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 1553-1561 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wickert, S., Orias, E. (2000). Tetrahymena Micronuclear Genome Mapping: A High-Resolution Meiotic Map of Chromosome 1L. Genetics 154: 1141-1153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wickert, S., Nangle, L., Shevel, S., Orias, E. (2000). Tetrahymena Macronuclear Genome Mapping: Colinearity of Macronuclear Coassortment Groups and the Micronuclear Map on Chromosome 1L. Genetics 154: 1155-1167 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fan, Q., Yao, M.-C. (2000). A long stringent sequence signal for programmed chromosome breakage in Tetrahymena thermophila. Nucleic Acids Res 28: 895-900 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Murti, K. G., Prescott, D. M. (1999). Telomeres of polytene chromosomes in a ciliated protozoan terminate in duplex DNA loops. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14436-14439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jahn, C. L. (1999). Differentiation of Chromatin during DNA Elimination in Euplotes crassus. Mol. Biol. Cell 10: 4217-4230 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nikiforov, M. A., Smothers, J. F., Gorovsky, M. A., Allis, C. D. (1999). Excision of micronuclear-specific DNA requires parental expression of Pdd2p andoccursindependentlyfromDNA replication in Tetrahymena thermophila. Genes Dev. 13: 2852-2862 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Maercker, C., Kortwig, H., Nikiforov, M. A., Allis, C. D., Lipps, H. J. (1999). A Nuclear Protein Involved in Apoptotic-like DNA Degradation in Stylonychia: Implications for Similar Mechanisms in Differentiating and Starved Cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 10: 3003-3014 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chalker, D. L., La Terza, A., Wilson, A., Kroenke, C. D., Yao, M.-C. (1999). Flanking Regulatory Sequences of the Tetrahymena R Deletion Element Determine the Boundaries of DNA Rearrangement. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 5631-5641 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Maercker, C., Kortwig, H., Lipps, H. J. (1999). Separation of Micronuclear DNA of Stylonychia lemnae by Pulsed-Field Electrophoresis and Identification of a DNA Molecule with a High Copy Number. Genome Res 9: 654-661 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Magnenat, L., Tobler, H., Muller, F. (1999). Developmentally Regulated Telomerase Activity Is Correlated with Chromosomal Healing during Chromatin Diminution in Ascaris suum. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 3457-3465 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, H., Smothers, J. F., Wiley, E. A., Allis, C. D. (1999). A Nonessential HP1-Like Protein Affects Starvation-Induced Assembly of Condensed Chromatin and Gene Expression in Macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 3624-3634 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mayer, K. M., Forney, J. D. (1999). A Mutation in the Flanking 5'-TA-3' Dinucleotide Prevents Excision of an Internal Eliminated Sequence From the Paramecium tetraurelia Genome. Genetics 151: 597-604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Janetopoulos, C, Cole, E, Smothers, J., Allis, C., Aufderheide, K. (1999). The conjusome: a novel structure in Tetrahymena found only during sexual reorganization. J. Cell Sci. 112: 1003-1011 [Abstract]  
  • Duharcourt, S., Keller, A.-M., Meyer, E. (1998). Homology-Dependent Maternal Inhibition of Developmental Excision of Internal Eliminated Sequences in Paramecium tetraurelia. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 7075-7085 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, H., Wiley, E. A., Lending, C. R., Allis, C. D. (1998). An HP1-like protein is missing from transcriptionally silent micronuclei of Tetrahymena. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13624-13629 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Greene, E. C., Shippen, D. E. (1998). Developmentally programmed assembly of higher order telomerase complexes with distinct biochemical and structural properties. Genes Dev. 12: 2921-2931 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lundblad, V. (1998). Telomerase catalysis: A phylogenetically conserved reverse transcriptase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8415-8416 [Full Text]  
  • Gallagher, R. C., Blackburn, E. H. (1998). A Promoter Region Mutation Affecting Replication of the Tetrahymena Ribosomal DNA Minichromosome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 3021-3033 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ruiz, F., Vayssié, L., Klotz, C., Sperling, L., Madeddu, L. (1998). Homology-dependent Gene Silencing in Paramecium. Mol. Biol. Cell 9: 931-943 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Deak, J. C., Doerder, F. P. (1998). High Frequency Intragenic Recombination During Macronuclear Development in Tetrahymena thermophila Restores the Wild-type SerH1 Gene. Genetics 148: 1109-1115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Orias, E. (1998). Mapping the Germ-Line and Somatic Genomes of a Ciliated Protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila. Genome Res 8: 91-99 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • (1998). A Mutation in Paramecium tetraurelia Reveals Functional and Structural Features of Developmentally Excised DNA Elements. Genetics 148: 139-150  
  • Fan, X., Price, C. M. (1997). Coordinate Regulation of G- and C Strand Length during New Telomere Synthesis. Mol. Biol. Cell 8: 2145-2155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lingner, J., Cech, T. R., Hughes, T. R., Lundblad, V. (1997). Three Ever Shorter Telomere (EST) genes are dispensable for in vitro yeast telomerase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 11190-11195 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hutton, J. C. (1997). Tetrahymena: The key to the genetic analysis of the regulated pathway of polypeptide secretion?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 10490-10492 [Full Text]  
  • Lingner, J., Hughes, T. R., Shevchenko, A., Mann, M., Lundblad, V., Cech, T. R. (1997). Reverse Transcriptase Motifs in the Catalytic Subunit of Telomerase. Science 276: 561-567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jahn, C. L., Ling, Z., Tebeau, C. M., Klobutcher, L. A. (1997). An unusual histone H3 specific for early macronuclear development in Euplotes crassus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1332-1337 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Smothers, J., Mizzen, C., Tubbert, M., Cook, R., Allis, C. (1997). Pdd1p associates with germline-restricted chromatin and a second novel anlagen-enriched protein in developmentally programmed DNA elimination structures. Development 124: 4537-4545 [Abstract]  
  • Gautier, M.-C., Sperling, L., Madeddu, L. (1996). Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Genes Coding for Paramecium Secretory Granule (Trichocyst) Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10247-10255 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zakian, V. A. (1995). Telomeres: Beginning to Understand the End. Science 270: 1601-1607 [Abstract]  
  • Duharcourt, S, Butler, A, Meyer, E (1995). Epigenetic self-regulation of developmental excision of an internal eliminated sequence on Paramecium tetraurelia.. Genes Dev. 9: 2065-2077 [Abstract]  
  • Saveliev, S V, Cox, M M (1995). Transient DNA breaks associated with programmed genomic deletion events in conjugating cells of Tetrahymena thermophila.. Genes Dev. 9: 248-255 [Abstract]  
  • Kirk, K E, Blackburn, E H (1995). An unusual sequence arrangement in the telomeres of the germ-line micronucleus in Tetrahymena thermophila.. Genes Dev. 9: 59-71 [Abstract]  
  • Landweber, L. F., Kuo, T.-C., Curtis, E. A. (2000). Evolution and assembly of an extremely scrambled gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 3298-3303 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schaffitzel, C., Berger, I., Postberg, J., Hanes, J., Lipps, H. J., Pluckthun, A. (2001). In vitro generated antibodies specific for telomeric guanine-quadruplex DNA react with Stylonychia lemnae macronuclei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 8572-8577 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»