Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulence factors, pathogenesis, and vaccines

This Article

	Full Text (PDF)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Alert me if a correction is posted

Services

	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new issues of the journal
	Download to citation manager
	Copyright Information
	Books from ASM Press
	MicrobeWorld

Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by AlonsoDeVelasco, E.
	Articles by Snippe, H.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by AlonsoDeVelasco, E.
	Articles by Snippe, H.

Microbiol. Rev., 12 1995, 591-603, Vol 59, No. 4
Copyright © 1995, American Society for Microbiology

Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulence factors, pathogenesis, and vaccines

E AlonsoDeVelasco, AF Verheul, J Verhoef and H Snippe
Eijkman-Winkler Institute of Medical and Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Although pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are close to being licensed, a more profound knowledge of the virulence factors responsible for the morbidity and mortality caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is necessary. This review deals with the major structures of pneumococci involved in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and their interference with the defense mechanisms of the host. It is well known that protection against S. pneumoniae is the result of phagocytosis of invading pathogens. For this process, complement and anticapsular polysaccharide antibodies are required. Besides, relatively recent experimental data suggest that protection is also mediated by the removal of disintegrating pneumococci and their degradation products (cell wall, pneumolysin). These structures seem to be major contributors to illness and death caused by pneumococci. An effective conjugate vaccine should therefore preferably include the capsular polysaccharide and at least one of these inflammatory factors.

This article has been cited by other articles:

Cohen, N., Stolarsky-Bennun, M., Amir-Kroll, H., Margalit, R., Nussbaum, G., Cohen-Sfady, M., Pevsner-Fischer, M., Fridkin, M., Bercovier, H., Eisenbach, L., Jung, S., Cohen, I. R. (2008). Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Is Immunogenic When Present on the Surface of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: TLR4 Signaling Induced by a Conjugate Vaccine or by Lipopolysaccharide Is Conducive. J. Immunol. 180: 2409-2418 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lanie, J. A., Ng, W.-L., Kazmierczak, K. M., Andrzejewski, T. M., Davidsen, T. M., Wayne, K. J., Tettelin, H., Glass, J. I., Winkler, M. E. (2007). Genome Sequence of Avery's Virulent Serotype 2 Strain D39 of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Comparison with That of Unencapsulated Laboratory Strain R6. J. Bacteriol. 189: 38-51 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Draing, C., Pfitzenmaier, M., Zummo, S., Mancuso, G., Geyer, A., Hartung, T., von Aulock, S. (2006). Comparison of Lipoteichoic Acid from Different Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 33849-33859 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Luxameechanporn, T., Kirtsreesakul, V., Klemens, J., Khoury, P., Thompson, K., Naclerio, R. M. (2005). Evaluation of Importance of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae Sinusitis in Mice. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131: 1001-1006 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Beurg, M., Hafidi, A., Skinner, L., Cowan, G., Hondarrague, Y., Mitchell, T. J, Dulon, D. (2005). The mechanism of pneumolysin-induced cochlear hair cell death in the rat. J. Physiol. 568: 211-227 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sen, G., Khan, A. Q., Chen, Q., Snapper, C. M. (2005). In Vivo Humoral Immune Responses to Isolated Pneumococcal Polysaccharides Are Dependent on the Presence of Associated TLR Ligands. J. Immunol. 175: 3084-3091 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fleck, R. A., Romero-Steiner, S., Nahm, M. H. (2005). Use of HL-60 Cell Line To Measure Opsonic Capacity of Pneumococcal Antibodies. CVI 12: 19-27 [Full Text]
Khan, A. Q., Chen, Q., Wu, Z.-Q., Paton, J. C., Snapper, C. M. (2005). Both Innate Immunity and Type 1 Humoral Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Mediated by MyD88 but Differ in Their Relative Levels of Dependence on Toll-Like Receptor 2. Infect. Immun. 73: 298-307 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Koedel, U., Rupprecht, T., Angele, B., Heesemann, J., Wagner, H., Pfister, H.-W., Kirschning, C. J. (2004). MyD88 is required for mounting a robust host immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the CNS. Brain 127: 1437-1445 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hamel, J., Charland, N., Pineau, I., Ouellet, C., Rioux, S., Martin, D., Brodeur, B. R. (2004). Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease in Mice Immunized with Conserved Surface-Accessible Proteins. Infect. Immun. 72: 2659-2670 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Knapp, S., Wieland, C. W., van 't Veer, C., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S., Florquin, S., van der Poll, T. (2004). Toll-Like Receptor 2 Plays a Role in the Early Inflammatory Response to Murine Pneumococcal Pneumonia but Does Not Contribute to Antibacterial Defense. J. Immunol. 172: 3132-3138 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bolm, M., Jansen, W. T. M., Schnabel, R., Chhatwal, G. S. (2004). Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans: a Common Feature of Different Streptococcal Species. Infect. Immun. 72: 1192-1194 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gebert, A., Steinmetz, I., Fassbender, S., Wendlandt, K.-H. (2004). Antigen Transport into Peyer's Patches: Increased Uptake by Constant Numbers of M Cells. Am. J. Pathol. 164: 65-72 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Khan, A. Q., Lees, A., Snapper, C. M. (2004). Differential Regulation of IgG Anti-Capsular Polysaccharide and Antiprotein Responses to Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Presence of Cognate CD4+ T Cell Help. J. Immunol. 172: 532-539 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lu, L., Lamm, M. E., Li, H., Corthesy, B., Zhang, J.-R. (2003). The Human Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Binds to Streptococcus pneumoniae via Domains 3 and 4. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 48178-48187 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lynch, J. M., Briles, D. E., Metzger, D. W. (2003). Increased Protection against Pneumococcal Disease by Mucosal Administration of Conjugate Vaccine plus Interleukin-12. Infect. Immun. 71: 4780-4788 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brito, D. A., Ramirez, M., de Lencastre, H. (2003). Serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae by Multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2378-2384 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wagner, C., Saizieu, A. d., Schonfeld, H.-J., Kamber, M., Lange, R., Thompson, C. J., Page, M. G. (2002). Genetic Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae vic Operon. Infect. Immun. 70: 6121-6128 [Abstract] [Full Text]
CANT, A.J., GORDON, S.B., READ, R.C., HART, C.A., WINSTANLEY, C. (2002). Respiratory infections: Proceedings of the Eighth Liverpool Tropical School Bayer Symposium of Microbial Disease held on 3 February 2001. J Med Microbiol 51: 903-914 [Full Text]
Mawas, F., Niggemann, J., Jones, C., Corbel, M. J., Kamerling, J. P., Vliegenthart, J. F. G. (2002). Immunogenicity in a Mouse Model of a Conjugate Vaccine Made with a Synthetic Single Repeating Unit of Type 14 Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Coupled to CRM197. Infect. Immun. 70: 5107-5114 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jarva, H., Janulczyk, R., Hellwage, J., Zipfel, P. F., Bjorck, L., Meri, S. (2002). Streptococcus pneumoniae Evades Complement Attack and Opsonophagocytosis by Expressing the pspC Locus-Encoded Hic Protein That Binds to Short Consensus Repeats 8-11 of Factor H. J. Immunol. 168: 1886-1894 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Khan, A. Q., Shen, Y., Wu, Z.-Q., Wynn, T. A., Snapper, C. M. (2002). Endogenous Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Differentially Regulate an In Vivo Humoral Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 70: 749-761 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Baba, H., Kawamura, I., Kohda, C., Nomura, T., Ito, Y., Kimoto, T., Watanabe, I., Ichiyama, S., Mitsuyama, M. (2002). Induction of Gamma Interferon and Nitric Oxide by Truncated Pneumolysin That Lacks Pore-Forming Activity. Infect. Immun. 70: 107-113 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brown, J. S., Ogunniyi, A. D., Woodrow, M. C., Holden, D. W., Paton, J. C. (2001). Immunization with Components of Two Iron Uptake ABC Transporters Protects Mice against Systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Infect. Immun. 69: 6702-6706 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gabr, U., Won, Y.-S., Boonlayangoor, S., Thompson, K., Baroody, F. M., Naclerio, R. M. (2001). C57Bl/6 and BALB/c Mice Have Similar Neutrophil Response to Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae Sinus Infections. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127: 985-990 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sethi, S., Murphy, T. F. (2001). Bacterial Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in 2000: a State-of-the-Art Review. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 336-363 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jansen, W. T. M., Hogenboom, S., Thijssen, M. J. L., Kamerling, J. P., Vliegenthart, J. F. G., Verhoef, J., Snippe, H., Verheul, A. F. M. (2001). Synthetic 6B Di-, Tri-, and Tetrasaccharide-Protein Conjugates Contain Pneumococcal Type 6A and 6B Common and 6B- Specific Epitopes That Elicit Protective Antibodies in Mice. Infect. Immun. 69: 787-793 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lucas, A. H., Moulton, K. D., Tang, V. R., Reason, D. C. (2001). Combinatorial Library Cloning of Human Antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharides: Variable Region Primary Structures and Evidence for Somatic Mutation of Fab Fragments Specific for Capsular Serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F. Infect. Immun. 69: 853-864 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yu, J., Bryant, A. P., Marra, A., Lonetto, M. A., Ingraham, K. A., Chalker, A. F., Holmes, D. J., Holden, D., Rosenberg, M., McDevitt, D. (2001). Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae NADH oxidase that is required for infection. Microbiology 147: 431-438 [Abstract] [Full Text]
de Hennezel, L., Debarre, S., Ramisse, F., Delamanche, S., Harf, A., Alonso, J-M., Calvet, J-H. (2001). Plethysmography for the assessment of pneumococcal pneumonia and passive immunotherapy in a mouse model. Eur Respir J 17: 94-99 [Abstract] [Full Text]
De Hennezel, L., Ramisse, F., Binder, P., Marchal, G., Alonso, J.-M. (2001). Effective Combination Therapy for Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia with Ampicillin and Intravenous Immunoglobulins in a Mouse Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 316-318 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wu, Z.-Q., Khan, A. Q., Shen, Y., Schartman, J., Peach, R., Lees, A., Mond, J. J., Gause, W. C., Snapper, C. M. (2000). B7 Requirements for Primary and Secondary Protein- and Polysaccharide-Specific Ig Isotype Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Immunol. 165: 6840-6848 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Overweg, K., Bogaert, D., Sluijter, M., Yother, J., Dankert, J., de Groot, R., Hermans, P. W. M. (2000). Genetic Relatedness within Serotypes of Penicillin-Susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 4548-4553 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Melhus, A., Ryan, A. F. (2000). Expression of Cytokine Genes during Pneumococcal and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Acute Otitis Media in the Rat. Infect. Immun. 68: 4024-4031 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Overweg, K., Kerr, A., Sluijter, M., Jackson, M. H., Mitchell, T. J., de Jong, A. P. J. M., de Groot, R., Hermans, P. W. M. (2000). The Putative Proteinase Maturation Protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae Is a Conserved Surface Protein with Potential To Elicit Protective Immune Responses. Infect. Immun. 68: 4180-4188 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gilbert, C., Robinson, K., Le Page, R. W. F., Wells, J. M. (2000). Heterologous Expression of an Immunogenic Pneumococcal Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide in Lactococcus lactis. Infect. Immun. 68: 3251-3260 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Xu, Y., Singh, K. V., Qin, X., Murray, B. E., Weinstock, G. M. (2000). Analysis of a Gene Cluster of Enterococcus faecalis Involved in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis. Infect. Immun. 68: 815-823 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Muñoz, R., Mollerach, M., López, R., García, E. (1999). Characterization of the Type 8 Capsular Gene Cluster of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 181: 6214-6219 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Catterall, J R (1999). Lung infections bullet 5: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Thorax 54: 929-937 [Full Text]
Neeleman, C., Geelen, S. P. M., Aerts, P. C., Daha, M. R., Mollnes, T. E., Roord, J. J., Posthuma, G., van Dijk, H., Fleer, A. (1999). Resistance to Both Complement Activation and Phagocytosis in Type 3 Pneumococci Is Mediated by the Binding of Complement Regulatory Protein Factor H. Infect. Immun. 67: 4517-4524 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zhong, Z., Burns, T., Chang, Q., Carroll, M., Pirofski, L. (1999). Molecular and Functional Characteristics of a Protective Human Monoclonal Antibody to Serotype 8 Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 67: 4119-4127 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jakobsen, H., Saeland, E., Gizurarson, S., Schulz, D., Jonsdottir, I. (1999). Intranasal Immunization with Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines Protects Mice against Invasive Pneumococcal Infections. Infect. Immun. 67: 4128-4133 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wu, Z.-Q., Vos, Q., Shen, Y., Lees, A., Wilson, S. R., Briles, D. E., Gause, W. C., Mond, J. J., Snapper, C. M. (1999). In Vivo Polysaccharide-Specific IgG Isotype Responses to Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae Are T Cell Dependent and Require CD40- and B7-Ligand Interactions. J. Immunol. 163: 659-667 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Alcantara, R. B., Preheim, L. C., Gentry, M. J. (1999). Role of Pneumolysin's Complement-Activating Activity during Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Cirrhotic Rats. Infect. Immun. 67: 2862-2866 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Usinger, W. R., Lucas, A. H. (1999). Avidity as a Determinant of the Protective Efficacy of Human Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides. Infect. Immun. 67: 2366-2370 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mollerach, M., Lopez, R., Garcia, E. (1998). Characterization of the galU Gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae Encoding a Uridine Diphosphoglucose Pyrophosphorylase: A Gene Essential for Capsular Polysaccharide Biosynthesis. J. Exp. Med. 188: 2047-2056 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Polissi, A., Pontiggia, A., Feger, G., Altieri, M., Mottl, H., Ferrari, L., Simon, D. (1998). Large-Scale Identification of Virulence Genes from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 66: 5620-5629 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ramirez, M., Tomasz, A. (1998). Molecular Characterization of the Complete 23F Capsular Polysaccharide Locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 180: 5273-5278 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jansen, W. T.�M., Gootjes, J., Zelle, M., Madore, D. V., Verhoef, J., Snippe, H., Verheul, A. F.�M. (1998). Use of Highly Encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains in a Flow-Cytometric Assay for Assessment of the Phagocytic Capacity of Serotype-Specific Antibodies. CVI 5: 703-710 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Barthelson, R., Mobasseri, A., Zopf, D., Simon, P. (1998). Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Respiratory Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Sialylated Oligosaccharides. Infect. Immun. 66: 1439-1444 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Janulczyk, R., Iannelli, F., Sjoholm, A. G., Pozzi, G., Bjorck, L. (2000). Hic, a Novel Surface Protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae That Interferes with Complement Function. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 37257-37263 [Abstract] [Full Text]

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.	Infect. Immun.	Eukaryot. Cell
Mol. Cell. Biol.	J. Virol.	J. Bacteriol.
	ALL ASM JOURNALS