Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Crystal Proteins

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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 1998, p. 775-806, Vol. 62, No. 3
1092-2172/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Crystal Proteins

E. Schnepf,¹ N. Crickmore,² J. Van Rie,³ D. Lereclus,⁴ J. Baum,⁵ J. Feitelson,¹ D. R. Zeigler,⁶ and D. H. Dean⁶^,^*

Mycogen Corp., San Diego, California 92121¹; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom²; Plant Genetic Systems, n.v., Ghent, Belgium³; Unité de Biochimie Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France⁴; Ecogen, Inc., Langhorne, Pennsylvania 19047⁵; and Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210⁶

During the past decade the pesticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject of intensive research. These effortshave yielded considerable data about the complex relationshipsbetween the structure, mechanism of action, and genetics of theorganism's pesticidal crystal proteins, and a coherent pictureof these relationships is beginning to emerge. Other studies havefocused on the ecological role of the B. thuringiensis crystalproteins, their performance in agricultural and other naturalsettings, and the evolution of resistance mechanisms in targetpests. Armed with this knowledge base and with the tools of modernbiotechnology, researchers are now reporting promising resultsin engineering more-useful toxins and formulations, in creatingtransgenic plants that express pesticidal activity, and in constructingintegrated management strategies to insure that these productsare utilized with maximum efficiency and benefit.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry, 484 West Twelfth Ave., Columbus, OH 43210. Phone: (614)292-8829. Fax: (614) 292-6773. E-mail: dean.10{at}osu.edu.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 1998, p. 775-806, Vol. 62, No. 3
1092-2172/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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Ito, A., Sasaguri, Y., Kitada, S., Kusaka, Y., Kuwano, K., Masutomi, K., Mizuki, E., Akao, T., Ohba, M. (2004). A Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Protein with Selective Cytocidal Action to Human Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 21282-21286 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Motavalli, P. P., Kremer, R. J., Fang, M., Means, N. E. (2004). Impact of Genetically Modified Crops and Their Management on Soil Microbially Mediated Plant Nutrient Transformations. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 816-824 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rahman, M. M., Roberts, H. L. S., Sarjan, M., Asgari, S., Schmidt, O. (2004). Induction and transmission of Bacillus thuringiensis tolerance in the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 2696-2699 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Estela, A., Escriche, B., Ferre, J. (2004). Interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins with Larval Midgut Binding Sites of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 1378-1384 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Candelon, B., Guilloux, K., Ehrlich, S. D., Sorokin, A. (2004). Two distinct types of rRNA operons in the Bacillus cereus group. Microbiology 150: 601-611 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hill, K. K., Ticknor, L. O., Okinaka, R. T., Asay, M., Blair, H., Bliss, K. A., Laker, M., Pardington, P. E., Richardson, A. P., Tonks, M., Beecher, D. J., Kemp, J. D., Kolsto, A.-B., Wong, A. C. L., Keim, P., Jackson, P. J. (2004). Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 1068-1080 [Abstract] [Full Text]
van Schaik, W., Tempelaars, M. H., Wouters, J. A., de Vos, W. M., Abee, T. (2004). The Alternative Sigma Factor {sigma}B of Bacillus cereus: Response to Stress and Role in Heat Adaptation. J. Bacteriol. 186: 316-325 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Manasherob, R., Zaritsky, A., Metzler, Y., Ben-Dov, E., Itsko, M., Fishov, I. (2003). Compaction of the Escherichia coli nucleoid caused by Cyt1Aa. Microbiology 149: 3553-3564 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Scholle, M. D., White, C. A., Kunnimalaiyaan, M., Vary, P. S. (2003). Sequencing and Characterization of pBM400 from Bacillus megaterium QM B1551. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 6888-6898 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Borovsky, D. (2003). Trypsin-modulating oostatic factor: a potential new larvicide for mosquito control. J. Exp. Biol. 206: 3869-3875 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Federici, B. A., Park, H.-W., Bideshi, D. K., Wirth, M. C., Johnson, J. J. (2003). Recombinant bacteria for mosquito control. J. Exp. Biol. 206: 3877-3885 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Song, F., Zhang, J., Gu, A., Wu, Y., Han, L., He, K., Chen, Z., Yao, J., Hu, Y., Li, G., Huang, D. (2003). Identification of cry1I-Type Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis Strains and Characterization of a Novel cry1I-Type Gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5207-5211 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ibarra, J. E., del Rincon, M. C., Orduz, S., Noriega, D., Benintende, G., Monnerat, R., Regis, L., de Oliveira, C. M. F., Lanz, H., Rodriguez, M. H., Sanchez, J., Pena, G., Bravo, A. (2003). Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains from Latin America with Insecticidal Activity against Different Mosquito Species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5269-5274 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Abdullah, M. A. F., Alzate, O., Mohammad, M., McNall, R. J., Adang, M. J., Dean, D. H. (2003). Introduction of Culex Toxicity into Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba by Protein Engineering. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5343-5353 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lee, M. K., Walters, F. S., Hart, H., Palekar, N., Chen, J.-S. (2003). The Mode of Action of the Bacillus thuringiensis Vegetative Insecticidal Protein Vip3A Differs from That of Cry1Ab {delta}-Endotoxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 4648-4657 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Papalazaridou, A., Charitidou, L., Sivropoulou, A. (2003). {beta}-Glucosidase enzymatic activity of crystal polypeptide of the Bacillus thuringiensis strain 1.1. Innate Immunity 9: 215-224 [Abstract]
Lee, L., Saxena, D., Stotzky, G. (2003). Activity of Free and Clay-Bound Insecticidal Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis against the Mosquito Culex pipiens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 4111-4115 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mendel, J., Heinecke, K., Fyrst, H., Saba, J. D. (2003). Sphingosine Phosphate Lyase Expression Is Essential for Normal Development in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 22341-22349 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Butko, P. (2003). Cytolytic Toxin Cyt1A and Its Mechanism of Membrane Damage: Data and Hypotheses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 2415-2422 [Full Text]
Radnedge, L., Agron, P. G., Hill, K. K., Jackson, P. J., Ticknor, L. O., Keim, P., Andersen, G. L. (2003). Genome Differences That Distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 2755-2764 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fedhila, S., Gohar, M., Slamti, L., Nel, P., Lereclus, D. (2003). The Bacillus thuringiensis PlcR-Regulated Gene inhA2 Is Necessary, but Not Sufficient, for Virulence. J. Bacteriol. 185: 2820-2825 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wei, J.-Z., Hale, K., Carta, L., Platzer, E., Wong, C., Fang, S.-C., Aroian, R. V. (2003). Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 2760-2765 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Park, H.-W., Bideshi, D. K., Federici, B. A. (2003). Recombinant Strain of Bacillus thuringiensis Producing Cyt1A, Cry11B, and the Bacillus sphaericus Binary Toxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 1331-1334 [Abstract] [Full Text]

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