Pseudomonas syringae Phytotoxins: Mode of Action, Regulation, and Biosynthesis by Peptide and Polyketide Synthetases

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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, June 1999, p. 266-292, Vol. 63, No. 2
1092-2172/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Pseudomonas syringae Phytotoxins: Mode of Action, Regulation, and Biosynthesis by Peptide and Polyketide Synthetases

Carol L. Bender,¹^,^* Francisco Alarcón-Chaidez,¹ and Dennis C. Gross²

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-3032,¹ and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430²

Coronatine, syringomycin, syringopeptin, tabtoxin, and phaseolotoxin are the most intensively studied phytotoxins of Pseudomonassyringae, and each contributes significantly to bacterial virulencein plants. Coronatine functions partly as a mimic of methyl jasmonate,a hormone synthesized by plants undergoing biological stress.Syringomycin and syringopeptin form pores in plasma membranes,a process that leads to electrolyte leakage. Tabtoxin and phaseolotoxinare strongly antimicrobial and function by inhibiting glutaminesynthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase, respectively. Geneticanalysis has revealed the mechanisms responsible for toxin biosynthesis.Coronatine biosynthesis requires the cooperation of polyketideand peptide synthetases for the assembly of the coronafacic andcoronamic acid moieties, respectively. Tabtoxin is derived fromthe lysine biosynthetic pathway, whereas syringomycin, syringopeptin,and phaseolotoxin biosynthesis requires peptide synthetases. Activationof phytotoxin synthesis is controlled by diverse environmentalfactors including plant signal molecules and temperature. Genesinvolved in the regulation of phytotoxin synthesis have been locatedwithin the coronatine and syringomycin gene clusters; however,additional regulatory genes are required for the synthesis ofthese and other phytotoxins. Global regulatory genes such as gacSmodulate phytotoxin production in certain pathovars, indicatingthe complexity of the regulatory circuits controlling phytotoxinsynthesis. The coronatine and syringomycin gene clusters havebeen intensively characterized and show potential for constructingmodified polyketides and peptides. Genetic reprogramming of peptideand polyketide synthetases has been successful, and portions ofthe coronatine and syringomycin gene clusters could be valuableresources in developing new antimicrobialagents.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 110 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3032. Phone:(405) 744-9945. Fax: (405) 744-7373. E-mail: cbender{at}okstate.edu.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, June 1999, p. 266-292, Vol. 63, No. 2
1092-2172/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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