This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Höllsberg, P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Höllsberg, P.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, June 1999, p. 308-333, Vol. 63, No. 2
1092-2172/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms of T-Cell Activation by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I

Per Höllsberg*

Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

The interactions between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and the cellular immune system can be divided into viral interference with functions of the infected host T cell and the subsequent interactions between the infected T cell and the cellular immune system. HTLV-I-mediated activation of the infected host T cell is induced primarily by the viral protein Tax, which influences transcriptional activation, signal transduction pathways, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. These properties of Tax may well explain the ability of HTLV-I to immortalize T cells. It is not clear, though, how HTLV-I induces T-cell transformation (interleukin-2 [IL-2] independence). Recent evidence suggests that Tax may promote the G1- to S-phase transition, although this may involve additional proteins. A role for other viral proteins that may constitutively activate the IL-2 receptor pathway has also been suggested. By virtue of their activated state, HTLV-I-infected T cells can nonspecifically activate resting, uninfected T cells via virus-mediated upregulation of adhesion molecules. This may favor viral dissemination. Moreover, the induction of a remarkably high frequency of antiviral CD8+ T cells does not appear to eliminate the infection. Indeed, individuals with a high frequency of virus-specific CD8+ T cells have a high viral load, indicating a state of chronic immune system stimulation. Thus, while an activated immune system is needed to eradicate the infection, the spread of the HTLV-I is also accelerated under these conditions. A detailed knowledge of the molecular interactions between virus-specific CD8+ T cells and immunodominant viral epitopes holds promise for the development of specific antiviral therapy.

* Mailing address: Division of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Bartholin Building, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. Phone: 45 8942 1772. Fax: 45 8619 6128. E-mail: ph{at}microbiology.au.dk.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, June 1999, p. 308-333, Vol. 63, No. 2
1092-2172/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Oliveira, A. L. A., Hayakawa, H., Schor, D., Leite, A. C. C. B., Espindola, O. M., Waters, A., Dean, J., Doherty, D. G., Araujo, A. Q.-C., Hall, W. W. (2009). High Frequencies of Functionally Competent Circulating Tax-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infection. J. Immunol. 183: 2957-2965 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Toulza, F., Heaps, A., Tanaka, Y., Taylor, G. P., Bangham, C. R. M. (2008). High frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in HTLV-1 infection: inverse correlation with HTLV-1-specific CTL response. Blood 111: 5047-5053 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mosley, A. J., Meekings, K. N., McCarthy, C., Shepherd, D., Cerundolo, V., Mazitschek, R., Tanaka, Y., Taylor, G. P., Bangham, C. R. (2006). Histone deacetylase inhibitors increase virus gene expression but decrease CD8+ cell antiviral function in HTLV-1 infection. Blood 108: 3801-3807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Krueger, A., Fas, S. C., Giaisi, M., Bleumink, M., Merling, A., Stumpf, C., Baumann, S., Holtkotte, D., Bosch, V., Krammer, P. H., Li-Weber, M. (2006). HTLV-1 Tax protects against CD95-mediated apoptosis by induction of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). Blood 107: 3933-3939 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jern, P., Sperber, G. O., Blomberg, J. (2006). Divergent Patterns of Recent Retroviral Integrations in the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes: Probable Transmissions between Other Primates and Chimpanzees. J. Virol. 80: 1367-1375 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vincent, P., Collette, Y., Marignier, R., Vuaillat, C., Rogemond, V., Davoust, N., Malcus, C., Cavagna, S., Gessain, A., Machuca-Gayet, I., Belin, M.-F., Quach, T., Giraudon, P. (2005). A Role for the Neuronal Protein Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 2 in T Lymphocyte Polarization and Migration. J. Immunol. 175: 7650-7660 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jeong, S.-J., Pise-Masison, C. A., Radonovich, M. F., Park, H. U., Brady, J. N. (2005). A Novel NF-{kappa}B Pathway Involving IKK{beta} and p65/RelA Ser-536 Phosphorylation Results in p53 Inhibition in the Absence of NF-{kappa}B Transcriptional Activity. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 10326-10332 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Silverman, L. R., Phipps, A. J., Montgomery, A., Ratner, L., Lairmore, M. D. (2004). Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Open Reading Frame II-Encoded p30II Is Required for In Vivo Replication: Evidence of In Vivo Reversion. J. Virol. 78: 3837-3845 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Twizere, J.-C., Kruys, V., Lefebvre, L., Vanderplasschen, A., Collete, D., Debacq, C., Lai, W. S., Jauniaux, J.-C., Bernstein, L. R., Semmes, O. J., Burny, A., Blackshear, P. J., Kettmann, R., Willems, L. (2003). Interaction of Retroviral Tax Oncoproteins With Tristetraprolin and Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Expression. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 95: 1846-1859 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bangham, C. R. M. (2003). The immune control and cell-to-cell spread of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 84: 3177-3189 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ding, W., Kim, S.-J., Nair, A. M., Michael, B., Boris-Lawrie, K., Tripp, A., Feuer, G., Lairmore, M. D. (2003). Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I Enhances Interleukin-2 Production during T-Cell Activation. J. Virol. 77: 11027-11039 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ding, W., Albrecht, B., Kelley, R. E., Muthusamy, N., Kim, S.-J., Altschuld, R. A., Lairmore, M. D. (2002). Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I Expression Increases Cytoplasmic Calcium To Enhance the Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells. J. Virol. 76: 10374-10382 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Albrecht, B., Lairmore, M. D. (2002). Critical Role of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Accessory Proteins in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66: 396-406 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pise-Masison, C. A., Radonovich, M., Mahieux, R., Chatterjee, P., Whiteford, C., Duvall, J., Guillerm, C., Gessain, A., Brady, J. N. (2002). Transcription Profile of Cells Infected with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type I Compared with Activated Lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 62: 3562-3571 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Albrecht, B., D'Souza, C. D., Ding, W., Tridandapani, S., Coggeshall, K. M., Lairmore, M. D. (2002). Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells by Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Accessory Protein p12I. J. Virol. 76: 3493-3501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ruckes, T., Saul, D., Van Snick, J., Hermine, O., Grassmann, R. (2001). Autocrine antiapoptotic stimulation of cultured adult T-cell leukemia cells by overexpression of the chemokine I-309. Blood 98: 1150-1159 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Matsuyama, W, Kubota, R, Hamasaki, T, Mizoguchi, A, Iwami, F, Wakimoto, J, Kawabata, M, Osame, M (2001). Enhanced inhibition of lymphocyte activation by Mycobacterium avium complex in human T lymphotrophic virus type I carriers. Thorax 56: 394-397 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Valentin, H., Hamaia, S., König, S., Gazzolo, L. (2001). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induced by human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 Tax protein in T-cells stimulates proliferation of human T-lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 831-835 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kibler, K. V., Jeang, K.-T. (2001). CREB/ATF-Dependent Repression of Cyclin A by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Protein. J. Virol. 75: 2161-2173 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mogensen, T. H., Paludan, S. R. (2001). Molecular Pathways in Virus-Induced Cytokine Production. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 131-150 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jeffery, K. J. M., Siddiqui, A. A., Bunce, M., Lloyd, A. L., Vine, A. M., Witkover, A. D., Izumo, S., Usuku, K., Welsh, K. I., Osame, M., Bangham, C. R. M. (2000). The Influence of HLA Class I Alleles and Heterozygosity on the Outcome of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection. J. Immunol. 165: 7278-7284 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, W., Nisbet, J. W., Bartoe, J. T., Ding, W., Lairmore, M. D. (2000). Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p30II Functions as a Transcription Factor and Differentially Modulates CREB-Responsive Promoters. J. Virol. 74: 11270-11277 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Albrecht, B., Collins, N. D., Burniston, M. T., Nisbet, J. W., Ratner, L., Green, P. L., Lairmore, M. D. (2000). Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Open Reading Frame I p12I Is Required for Efficient Viral Infectivity in Primary Lymphocytes. J. Virol. 74: 9828-9835 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Twizere, J.-C., Kerkhofs, P., Burny, A., Portetelle, D., Kettmann, R., Willems, L. (2000). Discordance between Bovine Leukemia Virus Tax Immortalization In Vitro and Oncogenicity In Vivo. J. Virol. 74: 9895-9902 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Matsuyama, W., Mizoguchi, A., Iwami, F., Koreeda, Y., Wakimoto, J., Kanazawa, H., Mori, S., Kawabata, M., Fukunaga, H., Osame, M. (2000). Clinical investigation of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection in human T lymphotrophic virus type I carriers. Thorax 55: 388-392 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hanon, E., Hall, S., Taylor, G. P., Saito, M., Davis, R., Tanaka, Y., Usuku, K., Osame, M., Weber, J. N., Bangham, C. R. M. (2000). Abundant Tax protein expression in CD4+ T cells infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is prevented by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood 95: 1386-1392 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bartoe, J. T., Albrecht, B., Collins, N. D., Robek, M. D., Ratner, L., Green, P. L., Lairmore, M. D. (2000). Functional Role of pX Open Reading Frame II of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Maintenance of Viral Loads In Vivo. J. Virol. 74: 1094-1100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Collins, N. D., D'Souza, C., Albrecht, B., Robek, M. D., Ratner, L., Ding, W., Green, P. L., Lairmore, M. D. (1999). Proliferation Response to Interleukin-2 and Jak/Stat Activation of T Cells Immortalized by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Is Independent of Open Reading Frame I Expression. J. Virol. 73: 9642-9649 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pise-Masison, C. A., Mahieux, R., Radonovich, M., Jiang, H., Brady, J. N. (2001). Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type I Tax Protein Utilizes Distinct Pathways for p53 Inhibition That Are Cell Type-dependent. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 200-205 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»