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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 2007, p. 413-451, Vol. 71, No. 3
1092-2172/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MMBR.00012-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Siderophore-Based Iron Acquisition and Pathogen Control

Marcus Miethke and Mohamed A. Marahiel*

Fachbereich Chemie/Biochemie der Philipps Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany

Summary: High-affinity iron acquisition is mediated by siderophore-dependent pathways in the majority of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and fungi. Considerable progress has been made in characterizing and understanding mechanisms of siderophore synthesis, secretion, iron scavenging, and siderophore-delivered iron uptake and its release. The regulation of siderophore pathways reveals multilayer networks at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Due to the key role of many siderophores during virulence, coevolution led to sophisticated strategies of siderophore neutralization by mammals and (re)utilization by bacterial pathogens. Surprisingly, hosts also developed essential siderophore-based iron delivery and cell conversion pathways, which are of interest for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In the last decades, natural and synthetic compounds have gained attention as potential therapeutics for iron-dependent treatment of infections and further diseases. Promising results for pathogen inhibition were obtained with various siderophore-antibiotic conjugates acting as "Trojan horse" toxins and siderophore pathway inhibitors. In this article, general aspects of siderophore-mediated iron acquisition, recent findings regarding iron-related pathogen-host interactions, and current strategies for iron-dependent pathogen control will be reviewed. Further concepts including the inhibition of novel siderophore pathway targets are discussed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Philipps Universität Marburg, FB Chemie Biochemie, Hans Meerwein Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Phone: 49 6421 282 5722. Fax: 49 6421 282 2191. E-mail: marahiel{at}chemie.uni-marburg.de

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 2007, p. 413-451, Vol. 71, No. 3
1092-2172/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MMBR.00012-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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