This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Henderson, B.
Right arrow Articles by Wilson, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Henderson, B.
Right arrow Articles by Wilson, M.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Microbiol. Rev., 06 1996, 316-341, Vol 60, No. 2
Copyright © 1996, American Society for Microbiology

Bacterial modulins: a novel class of virulence factors which cause host tissue pathology by inducing cytokine synthesis

B Henderson, S Poole and M Wilson
Maxillofacial Surgery Research Unit, University College London, United Kingdom. B.Henderson@Eastman.ucl.ac.uk

Cytokines are a diverse group of proteins and glycoproteins which have potent and wide-ranging effects on eukaryotic cell function and are now recognized as important mediators of tissue pathology in infectious diseases. It is increasingly recognized that for many bacterial species, cytokine induction is a major virulence mechanism. Until recent years, the only bacterial component known to stimulate cytokine synthesis was lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It is only within the past decade that it has been clearly shown that many components associated with the bacterial cell wall, including proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, have the capacity to stimulate mammalian cells to produce a diverse array of cytokines. It has been established that many of these cytokine-inducing molecules act by mechanisms distinct from that of LPS, and thus their activities are not due to LPS contamination. Bacteria produce a wide range of virulence factors which cause host tissue pathology, and these diverse factors have been grouped into four families: adhesins, aggressins, impedins, and invasins. We suggest that the array of bacterial cytokine-inducing molecules represents a new class of bacterial virulence factor, and, by analogy with the known virulence families, we suggest the term "modulin" to describe these molecules, because the action of cytokines is to modulate eukaryotic cell behavior. This review summarizes our current understanding of cytokine biology in relation to tissue homeostasis and disease and concisely reviews the current literature on the cytokine-inducing molecules produced by gram-negative and gram- positive bacteria, with an emphasis on the cellular mechanisms responsible for cytokine induction. We propose that modulins, by controlling the host immune and inflammatory responses, maintain the large commensal flora that all multicellular organisms support.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Teng, F., Singh, K. V., Bourgogne, A., Zeng, J., Murray, B. E. (2009). Further Characterization of the epa Gene Cluster and Epa Polysaccharides of Enterococcus faecalis. Infect. Immun. 77: 3759-3767 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wu, M.-F., Yang, C.-Y., Lin, T.-L., Wang, J.-T., Yang, F.-L., Wu, S.-H., Hu, B.-S., Chou, T.-Y., Tsai, M.-D., Lin, C.-H., Hsieh, S.-L. (2009). Humoral Immunity against Capsule Polysaccharide Protects the Host from magA+ Klebsiella pneumoniae-Induced Lethal Disease by Evading Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling. Infect. Immun. 77: 615-621 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tsuru, T., Kobayashi, I. (2008). Multiple Genome Comparison within a Bacterial Species Reveals a Unit of Evolution Spanning Two Adjacent Genes in a Tandem Paralog Cluster. Mol Biol Evol 25: 2457-2473 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Coffey, J. C., Wang, J. H., Kelly, R., Romics, L. Jr., O'Callaghan, A., Fiuza, C., Redmond, H. P. (2007). Tolerization with BLP down-regulates HMGB1 a critical mediator of sepsis-related lethality. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82: 906-914 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Young Goo, S., Han, Y. S., Kim, W. H., Lee, K.-H., Park, S.-J. (2007). Vibrio vulnificus IlpA-induced Cytokine Production Is Mediated by Toll-like Receptor 2. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 27647-27658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Brinster, S., Posteraro, B., Bierne, H., Alberti, A., Makhzami, S., Sanguinetti, M., Serror, P. (2007). Enterococcal Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing Protein Involved in Virulence and Host Inflammatory Response. Infect. Immun. 75: 4463-4471 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bodet, C., Chandad, F., Grenier, D. (2006). Anti-inflammatory Activity of a High-molecular-weight Cranberry Fraction on Macrophages Stimulated by Lipopolysaccharides from Periodontopathogens. JDR 85: 235-239 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fournier, B., Philpott, D. J. (2005). Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the Innate Immune System. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18: 521-540 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shun, C.-T., Lu, S.-Y., Yeh, C.-Y., Chiang, C.-P., Chia, J.-S., Chen, J.-Y. (2005). Glucosyltransferases of Viridans Streptococci Are Modulins of Interleukin-6 Induction in Infective Endocarditis. Infect. Immun. 73: 3261-3270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fadl, A. A., Sha, J., Klimpel, G. R., Olano, J. P., Niesel, D. W., Chopra, A. K. (2005). Murein Lipoprotein Is a Critical Outer Membrane Component Involved in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Systemic Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 1081-1096 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nair, P.N.R. (2004). PATHOGENESIS OF APICAL PERIODONTITIS AND THE CAUSES OF ENDODONTIC FAILURES. CROBM 15: 348-381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Singer, M., Sansonetti, P. J. (2004). IL-8 Is a Key Chemokine Regulating Neutrophil Recruitment in a New Mouse Model of Shigella-Induced Colitis. J. Immunol. 173: 4197-4206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bassinet, L., Fitting, C., Housset, B., Cavaillon, J.-M., Guiso, N. (2004). Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin Induces Interleukin-6 Secretion by Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells. Infect. Immun. 72: 5530-5533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ismail, N., Soong, L., McBride, J. W., Valbuena, G., Olano, J. P., Feng, H.-M., Walker, D. H. (2004). Overproduction of TNF-{alpha} by CD8+ Type 1 Cells and Down-Regulation of IFN-{gamma} Production by CD4+ Th1 Cells Contribute to Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome in an Animal Model of Fatal Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. J. Immunol. 172: 1786-1800 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Neuhaus, F. C., Baddiley, J. (2003). A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions of D-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67: 686-723 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mizel, S. B., West, A. P., Hantgan, R. R. (2003). Identification of a Sequence in Human Toll-like Receptor 5 Required for the Binding of Gram-negative Flagellin. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 23624-23629 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bjerre, A., Brusletto, B., Ovstebo, R., Joo, G. B., Kierulf, P., Brandtzaeg, P. (2003). Identification of meningococcal LPS as a major monocyte activator in IL-10 depleted shock plasmas and CSF by blocking the CD14-TLR4 receptor complex. Innate Immunity 9: 155-163 [Abstract]  
  • Galdiero, S., Capasso, D., Vitiello, M., D'Isanto, M., Pedone, C., Galdiero, M. (2003). Role of Surface-Exposed Loops of Haemophilus influenzae Protein P2 in the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade. Infect. Immun. 71: 2798-2809 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Menge, C., Stamm, I., Blessenohl, M., Wieler, L. H., Baljer, G. (2003). Verotoxin 1 from Escherichia coli Affects Gb3/CD77+ Bovine Lymphocytes Independent of Interleukin-2, Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, and Interferon-{alpha}. Exp. Biol. Med. 228: 377-386 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rottem, S. (2003). Interaction of Mycoplasmas With Host Cells. Physiol. Rev. 83: 417-432 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, J. H., Doyle, M., Manning, B. J., Di Wu, Q., Blankson, S., Redmond, H. P. (2002). Induction of Bacterial Lipoprotein Tolerance Is Associated with Suppression of Toll-like Receptor 2 Expression. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 36068-36075 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • SALGADO, F., GARCIA, A., ONATE, A., GONZALEZ, C., KAWAGUCHI, F. (2002). Increased in-vitro and in-vivo biological activity of lipopolysaccharide extracted from clinical low virulence vacA genotype Helicobacter pylori strains. J Med Microbiol 51: 771-776 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Horiuchi, T., Hoshino, K., Takeda, K., Dong, Z., Modlin, R. L., Akira, S. (2002). Cutting Edge: Role of Toll-Like Receptor 1 in Mediating Immune Response to Microbial Lipoproteins. J. Immunol. 169: 10-14 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hsu, H.-Y., Wen, M.-H. (2002). Lipopolysaccharide-mediated Reactive Oxygen Species and Signal Transduction in the Regulation of Interleukin-1 Gene Expression. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 22131-22139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Davis, K. L., Wise, K. S. (2002). Site-Specific Proteolysis of the MALP-404 Lipoprotein Determines the Release of a Soluble Selective Lipoprotein-Associated Motif-Containing Fragment and Alteration of the Surface Phenotype of Mycoplasma fermentans. Infect. Immun. 70: 1129-1135 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kohda, C., Kawamura, I., Baba, H., Nomura, T., Ito, Y., Kimoto, T., Watanabe, I., Mitsuyama, M. (2002). Dissociated Linkage of Cytokine-Inducing Activity and Cytotoxicity to Different Domains of Listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 70: 1334-1341 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Galdiero, M., Vitiello, M., Sanzari, E., D'Isanto, M., Tortora, A., Longanella, A., Galdiero, S. (2002). Porins from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Activate the Transcription Factors Activating Protein 1 and NF-{kappa}B through the Raf-1-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade. Infect. Immun. 70: 558-568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liaudet, L., Murthy, K. G. K., Mabley, J. G., Pacher, P., Soriano, F. G., Salzman, A. L., Szabo, C. (2002). Comparison of Inflammation, Organ Damage, and Oxidant Stress Induced by Salmonella enterica Serovar Muenchen Flagellin and Serovar Enteritidis Lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 70: 192-198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cote-Sierra, J., Bredan, A., Toldos, C. M., Stijlemans, B., Brys, L., Cornelis, P., Segovia, M., de Baetselier, P., Revets, H. (2002). Bacterial Lipoprotein-Based Vaccines Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor-Dependent Type 1 Protective Immunity against Leishmania major. Infect. Immun. 70: 240-248 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chico-Calero, I., Suarez, M., Gonzalez-Zorn, B., Scortti, M., Slaghuis, J., Goebel, W., The European Listeria Genome Consortium, , Vazquez-Boland, J. A. (2001). Hpt, a bacterial homolog of the microsomal glucose- 6-phosphate translocase, mediates rapid intracellular proliferation in Listeria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.012363899v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eaves-Pyles, T. D., Wong, H. R., Odoms, K., Pyles, R. B. (2001). Salmonella Flagellin-Dependent Proinflammatory Responses Are Localized to the Conserved Amino and Carboxyl Regions of the Protein. J. Immunol. 167: 7009-7016 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hurley, B. P., Thorpe, C. M., Acheson, D. W. K. (2001). Shiga Toxin Translocation across Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Enhanced by Neutrophil Transmigration. Infect. Immun. 69: 6148-6155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Aliprantis, A. O., Weiss, D. S., Radolf, J. D., Zychlinsky, A. (2001). Release of Toll-Like Receptor-2-Activating Bacterial Lipoproteins in Shigella flexneri Culture Supernatants. Infect. Immun. 69: 6248-6255 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Galdiero, M., D'Isanto, M., Vitiello, M., Finamore, E., Peluso, L., Galdiero, M. (2001). Porins from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induce TNF-{alpha}, IL-6 and IL-8 release by CD14-independent and CD11a/CD18-dependent mechanisms. Microbiology 147: 2697-2704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schonemeyer, A., Lucius, R., Sonnenburg, B., Brattig, N., Sabat, R., Schilling, K., Bradley, J., Hartmann, S. (2001). Modulation of Human T Cell Responses and Macrophage Functions by Onchocystatin, a Secreted Protein of the Filarial Nematode Onchocerca volvulus. J. Immunol. 167: 3207-3215 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Aliprantis, A. O., Weiss, D. S., Zychlinsky, A. (2001). Toll-like receptor-2 transduces signals for NF-{kappa}B activation, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production. Innate Immunity 7: 287-291 [Abstract]  
  • Sprong, T., Stikkelbroeck, N., van der Ley, P., Steeghs, L., van Alphen, L., Klein, N., Netea, M. G., van der Meer, J. W. M., van Deuren, M. (2001). Contributions of Neisseria meningitidis LPS and non-LPS to proinflammatory cytokine response. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70: 283-288 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Moors, M. A., Li, L., Mizel, S. B. (2001). Activation of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase by Gram-Negative Flagellin. Infect. Immun. 69: 4424-4429 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liles, W. C., Thomsen, A. R., O'Mahony, D. S., Klebanoff, S. J. (2001). Stimulation of human neutrophils and monocytes by staphylococcal phenol-soluble modulin. J. Leukoc. Biol. 70: 96-102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Muhlradt, P. F., Morr, M., Radolf, J. D., Zychlinsky, A., Takeda, K., Akira, S. (2001). Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 13: 933-940 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • KUMAR, S. S., SANKARAN, K., HAIGH, R., WILLIAMS, P. H., BALAKRISHNAN, A. (2001). Cytopathic effects of outer-membrane preparations of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and co-expression of maltoporin with secretory virulence factor, EspB. J Med Microbiol 50: 602-612 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Muller-Alouf, H., Proft, T., Zollner, T. M., Gerlach, D., Champagne, E., Desreumaux, P., Fitting, C., Geoffroy-Fauvet, C., Alouf, J. E., Cavaillon, J.-M. (2001). Pyrogenicity and Cytokine-Inducing Properties of Streptococcus pyogenes Superantigens: Comparative Study of Streptococcal Mitogenic Exotoxin Z and Pyrogenic Exotoxin A. Infect. Immun. 69: 4141-4145 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jersmann, H. P. A., Hii, C. S. T., Ferrante, J. V., Ferrante, A. (2001). Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Synergistically Increase Expression of Human Endothelial Adhesion Molecules through Activation of NF-{kappa}B and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. Infect. Immun. 69: 1273-1279 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Verbon, A., Dekkers, P. E. P., ten Hove, T., Hack, C. E., Pribble, J. P., Turner, T., Souza, S., Axtelle, T., Hoek, F. J., van Deventer, S. J. H., van der Poll, T. (2001). IC14, an Anti-CD14 Antibody, Inhibits Endotoxin-Mediated Symptoms and Inflammatory Responses in Humans. J. Immunol. 166: 3599-3605 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eaves-Pyles, T., Murthy, K., Liaudet, L., Virag, L., Ross, G., Soriano, F. G., Szabo, C., Salzman, A. L. (2001). Flagellin, a Novel Mediator of Salmonella-Induced Epithelial Activation and Systemic Inflammation: I{{kappa}}B{{alpha}} Degradation, Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Induction of Proinflammatory Mediators, and Cardiovascular Dysfunction. J. Immunol. 166: 1248-1260 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Henderson, B., Tabona, P., Poole, S., Nair, S. P. (2001). Cloning and Expression of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Thioredoxin (trx) Gene and Assessment of Cytokine Inhibitory Activity. Infect. Immun. 69: 154-158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Galanos, C., Gumenscheimer, M., Muhlradt, P.F., Jirillo, E., Freudenberg, M.A. (2000). MALP-2, a Mycoplasma lipopeptide with classical endotoxic properties: end of an era of LPS monopoly?. Innate Immunity 6: 471-476 [Abstract]  
  • Torosantucci, A., Chiani, P., Cassone, A. (2000). Differential chemokine response of human monocytes to yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans and its relation to the {beta}-1,6 glucan of the fungal cell wall. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68: 923-932 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McDermott, P. F., Ciacci-Woolwine, F., Snipes, J. A., Mizel, S. B. (2000). High-Affinity Interaction between Gram-Negative Flagellin and a Cell Surface Polypeptide Results in Human Monocyte Activation. Infect. Immun. 68: 5525-5529 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dellacasagrande, J., Ghigo, E., Machergui-El, S., Hammami, , Toman, R., Raoult, D., Capo, C., Mege, J.-L. (2000). alpha vbeta 3 Integrin and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Are Involved in Coxiella burnetii-Stimulated Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Human Monocytes. Infect. Immun. 68: 5673-5678 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Clemans, D. L., Bauer, R. J., Hanson, J. A., Hobbs, M. V., St. Geme, J. W. III, Marrs, C. F., Gilsdorf, J. R. (2000). Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells after Stimulation by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect. Immun. 68: 4430-4440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Melhus, A., Ryan, A. F. (2000). Expression of Cytokine Genes during Pneumococcal and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Acute Otitis Media in the Rat. Infect. Immun. 68: 4024-4031 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Haller, D, Bode, C, Hammes, W P, Pfeifer, A M A, Schiffrin, E J, Blum, S (2000). Non-pathogenic bacteria elicit a differential cytokine response by intestinal epithelial cell/leucocyte co-cultures. Gut 47: 79-87 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kim, H.-Y., Rikihisa, Y. (2000). Expression of Interleukin-1beta , Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, and Interleukin-6 in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Exposed to Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent or Recombinant Major Surface Protein P44. Infect. Immun. 68: 3394-3402 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rosenberger, C. M., Scott, M. G., Gold, M. R., Hancock, R. E. W., Finlay, B. B. (2000). Salmonella typhimurium Infection and Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation Induce Similar Changes in Macrophage Gene Expression. J. Immunol. 164: 5894-5904 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chopra, A. K., Xu, X.-J., Ribardo, D., Gonzalez, M., Kuhl, K., Peterson, J. W., Houston, C. W. (2000). The Cytotoxic Enterotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila Induces Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Activates Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Macrophages. Infect. Immun. 68: 2808-2818 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lopez-Boado, Y. S., Wilson, C. L., Hooper, L. V., Gordon, J. I., Hultgren, S. J., Parks, W. C. (2000). Bacterial Exposure Induces and Activates Matrilysin in Mucosal Epithelial Cells. JCB 148: 1305-1315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Takeuchi, O., Kaufmann, A., Grote, K., Kawai, T., Hoshino, K., Morr, M., Muhlradt, P. F., Akira, S. (2000). Cutting Edge: Preferentially the R-Stereoisomer of the Mycoplasmal Lipopeptide Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide-2 Activates Immune Cells Through a Toll-Like Receptor 2- and MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathway. J. Immunol. 164: 554-557 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kaufmann, A., Muhlradt, P. F., Gemsa, D., Sprenger, H. (1999). Induction of Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Monocytes by Mycoplasma fermentans-Derived Lipoprotein MALP-2. Infect. Immun. 67: 6303-6308 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, L., Ignatowski, T. A., Spengler, R. N., Noble, B., Stinson, M. W. (1999). Streptococcal Histone Induces Murine Macrophages To Produce Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. Infect. Immun. 67: 6473-6477 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Crouch, E. C. (1999). Modulation of Host-Bacterial Interactions by Collectins. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 21: 558-561 [Full Text]  
  • Rawadi, G., Zugaza, J.-L., Lemercier, B., Marvaud, J. C., Popoff, M., Bertoglio, J., Roman-Roman, S. (1999). Involvement of Small GTPases in Mycoplasma fermentans Membrane Lipoproteins-mediated Activation of Macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 30794-30798 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lorenzen, D. R., Dux, F., Wolk, U., Tsirpouchtsidis, A., Haas, G., Meyer, T. F. (1999). Immunoglobulin A1 Protease, an Exoenzyme of Pathogenic Neisseriae, Is a Potent Inducer of Proinflammatory Cytokines. JEM 190: 1049-1058 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Casadevall, A., Pirofski, L.-a. (1999). Host-Pathogen Interactions: Redefining the Basic Concepts of Virulence and Pathogenicity. Infect. Immun. 67: 3703-3713 [Full Text]  
  • Aliprantis, A. O., Yang, R., Mark, M. R., Suggett, S., Devaux, B., Radolf, J. D., Klimpel, G. R., Godowski, P., Zychlinsky, A. (1999). Cell Activation and Apoptosis by Bacterial Lipoproteins Through Toll-like Receptor-2. Science 285: 736-739 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mehlin, C., Headley, C. M., Klebanoff, S. J. (1999). An Inflammatory Polypeptide Complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis: Isolation and Characterization. JEM 189: 907-918 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rawadi, G., Garcia, J., Lemercier, B., Roman-Roman, S. (1999). Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in the Activation of NF-{kappa}B, AP-1, and c-fos by Mycoplasma fermentans Membrane Lipoproteins in Macrophages. J. Immunol. 162: 2193-2203 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Calcutt, M. J., Kim, M. F., Karpas, A. B., Muhlradt, P. F., Wise, K. S. (1999). Differential Posttranslational Processing Confers Intraspecies Variation of a Major Surface Lipoprotein and a Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans. Infect. Immun. 67: 760-771 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Muhlradt, P. F., Kiess, M., Meyer, H., Sussmuth, R., Jung, G. (1998). Structure and Specific Activity of Macrophage-Stimulating Lipopeptides from Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Infect. Immun. 66: 4804-4810 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xu, Y., Murray, B. E., Weinstock, G. M. (1998). A Cluster of Genes Involved in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis from Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF. Infect. Immun. 66: 4313-4323 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Henderson, B., Wilson, M. (1998). Commensal Communism and the Oral Cavity. JDR 77: 1674-1683 [Abstract]  
  • Cockayne, A., Hill, P. J., Powell, N. B. L., Bishop, K., Sims, C., Williams, P. (1998). Molecular Cloning of a 32-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Component of a Novel Iron-Regulated Staphylococcus epidermidis ABC Transporter. Infect. Immun. 66: 3767-3774 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tabona, P., Reddi, K., Khan, S., Nair, S. P., Crean, St. J. V., Meghji, S., Wilson, M., Preuss, M., Miller, A. D., Poole, S., Carne, S., Henderson, B. (1998). Homogeneous Escherichia coli Chaperonin 60 Induces IL-1{beta} and IL-6 Gene Expression in Human Monocytes by a Mechanism Independent of Protein Conformation. J. Immunol. 161: 1414-1421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Malstrom, C., James, S. (1998). Inhibition of Murine Splenic and Mucosal Lymphocyte Function by Enteric Bacterial Products. Infect. Immun. 66: 3120-3127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wilson, M., Seymour, R., Henderson, B. (1998). Bacterial Perturbation of Cytokine Networks. Infect. Immun. 66: 2401-2409 [Full Text]  
  • Stanley, P., Koronakis, V., Hughes, C. (1998). Acylation of Escherichia coli Hemolysin: A Unique Protein Lipidation Mechanism Underlying Toxin Function. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 309-333 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Giguere, S., Prescott, J. F. (1998). Cytokine Induction in Murine Macrophages Infected with Virulent and Avirulent Rhodococcus equi. Infect. Immun. 66: 1848-1854 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fenno, J. C., Hannam, P. M., Leung, W. K., Tamura, M., Uitto, V.-J., McBride, B. C. (1998). Cytopathic Effects of the Major Surface Protein and the Chymotrypsinlike Protease of Treponema denticola. Infect. Immun. 66: 1869-1877 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bowden, G. H.W., Hamilton, I. R. (1998). Survival of Oral Bacteria. CROBM 9: 54-85 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huppertz, H.-I., Heesemann, J. (1997). Invasion and persistence of Salmonella in human fibroblasts positive or negative for endogenous HLA B27. Ann Rheum Dis 56: 671-676 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Naumann, M., Wessler, S., Bartsch, C., Wieland, B., Meyer, T. F. (1997). Neisseria gonorrhoeae Epithelial Cell Interaction Leads to the Activation of the Transcription Factors Nuclear Factor {kappa}B and Activator Protein 1 and the Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines. JEM 186: 247-258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Muhlradt, P. F., Kiess, M., Meyer, H., Sussmuth, R., Jung, G. (1997). Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Synthesis of a Macrophage Stimulatory Lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans Acting at Picomolar Concentration. JEM 185: 1951-1958 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jenkinson, H.F., Lamont, R. (1997). Streptococcal Adhesion and Colonization. CROBM 8: 175-200 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Van Oosten, M., Rensen, P. C. N., Van Amersfoort, E. S., Van Eck, M., Van Dam, A.-M., Breve, J. J. P., Vogel, T., Panet, A., Van Berkel, T. J. C., Kuiper, J. (2001). Apolipoprotein E Protects Against Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Lethality. A NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO TREAT GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 8820-8824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»