Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., Dec 1997, 393-410, Vol 61, No. 4
MT Gallegos, R Schleif, A Bairoch, K Hofmann and JL Ramos
The ArC/XylS family of prokaryotic positive transcriptional regulators
includes more than 100 proteins and polypeptides derived from open reading
frames translated from DNA sequences. Members of this family are widely
distributed and have been found in the gamma subgroup of the
proteobacteria, low- and high-G + C-content gram-positive bacteria, and
cyanobacteria. These proteins are defined by a profile that can be accessed
from PROSITE PS01124. Members of the family are about 300 amino acids long
and have three main regulatory functions in common: carbon metabolism,
stress response, and pathogenesis. Multiple alignments of the proteins of
the family define a conserved stretch of 99 amino acids usually located at
the C-terminal region of the regulator and connected to a nonconserved
region via a linker. The conserved stretch contains all the elements
required to bind DNA target sequences and to activate transcription from
cognate promoters. Secondary analysis of the conserved region suggests that
it contains two potential alpha-helix-turn-alpha-helix DNA binding motifs.
The first, and better-fitting motif is supported by biochemical data,
whereas existing biochemical data neither support nor refute the proposal
that the second region possesses this structure. The phylogenetic
relationship suggests that members of the family have recruited the
nonconserved domain(s) into a series of existing domains involved in DNA
recognition and transcription stimulation and that this recruited domain
governs the role that the regulator carries out. For some regulators, it
has been demonstrated that the nonconserved region contains the
dimerization domain. For the regulators involved in carbon metabolism, the
effector binding determinants are also in this region. Most regulators
belonging to the AraC/XylS family recognize multiple binding sites in the
regulated promoters. One of the motifs usually overlaps or is adjacent to
the -35 region of the cognate promoters. Footprinting assays have suggested
that these regulators protect a stretch of up to 20 bp in the target
promoters, and multiple alignments of binding sites for a number of
regulators have shown that the proteins recognize short motifs within the
protected region.
Copyright © 1997, American Society for Microbiology
Arac/XylS family of transcriptional regulators [In Process Citation]
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Granada, Spain.
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