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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 2001, p. 371-389, Vol. 65, No. 3
1092-2172/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.65.3.371-389.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Receptors and Entry Cofactors for Retroviruses Include Single and Multiple Transmembrane-Spanning Proteins as well as Newly Described Glycophosphatidylinositol-Anchored and Secreted Proteins

Julie Overbaugh,1,* A. Dusty Miller,1 and Maribeth V. Eiden2

Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington,1 and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland2

In the past few years, many retrovirus receptors, coreceptors, and cofactors have been identified. These molecules are important for some aspects of viral entry, although in some cases it remains to be determined whether they are required for binding or postbinding stages in entry, such as fusion. There are certain common features to the molecules that many retroviruses use to gain entry into the cell. For example, the receptors for most mammalian oncoretroviruses are multiple membrane-spanning transport proteins. However, avian retroviruses use single-pass membrane proteins, and a sheep retrovirus uses a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored molecule as its receptor. For some retroviruses, particularly the lentiviruses, two cell surface molecules are required for efficient entry. More recently, a soluble protein that is required for viral entry has been identified for a feline oncoretrovirus. In this review, we will focus on the various strategies used by mammalian retroviruses to gain entry into the cell. The choice of receptors will also be discussed in light of pressures that drive viral evolution and persistence.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., C3-168, Seattle, WA 98109-1024. Phone: (206) 667-3524. Fax: (206) 667-1535. E-mail: joverbau{at}fhcrc.org.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 2001, p. 371-389, Vol. 65, No. 3
1092-2172/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.65.3.371-389.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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