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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, June 2003, p. 277-301, Vol. 67, No. 2
1092-2172/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.67.2.277-301.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Elisabeth Grohmann,1* Günther Muth,2 and Manuel Espinosa3

Microbial Ecology Group, University of Technology Berlin, D-10587 Berlin,1 Department Microbiology/Biotechnology, University Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany,2 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, E-28006 Madrid, Spain3

Conjugative transfer of bacterial plasmids is the most efficient way of horizontal gene spread, and it is therefore considered one of the major reasons for the increase in the number of bacteria exhibiting multiple-antibiotic resistance. Thus, conjugation and spread of antibiotic resistance represents a severe problem in antibiotic treatment, especially of immunosuppressed patients and in intensive care units. While conjugation in gram-negative bacteria has been studied in great detail over the last decades, the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance plasmids in gram-positive bacteria remained obscure. In the last few years, the entire nucleotide sequences of several large conjugative plasmids from gram-positive bacteria have been determined. Sequence analyses and data bank comparisons of their putative transfer (tra) regions have revealed significant similarities to tra regions of plasmids from gram-negative bacteria with regard to the respective DNA relaxases and their targets, the origins of transfer (oriT), and putative nucleoside triphosphatases NTP-ases with homologies to type IV secretion systems. In contrast, a single gene encoding a septal DNA translocator protein is involved in plasmid transfer between micelle-forming streptomycetes. Based on these clues, we propose the existence of two fundamentally different plasmid-mediated conjugative mechanisms in gram-positive microorganisms, namely, the mechanism taking place in unicellular gram-positive bacteria, which is functionally similar to that in gram-negative bacteria, and a second type that occurs in multicellular gram-positive bacteria, which seems to be characterized by double-stranded DNA transfer.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Microbial Ecology Group, University of Technology Berlin, Franklinstrasse 29, Secr. OE5, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Phone 49 30 314 73187. Fax: 49 30 314 73460. E-mail: elisabeth.grohmann{at}tu-berlin.de.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, June 2003, p. 277-301, Vol. 67, No. 2
1092-2172/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.67.2.277-301.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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