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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, December 2004, p. 617-629, Vol. 68, No. 4
1092-2172/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.68.4.617-629.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Rabbit and Nonhuman Primate Models of Toxin-Targeting Human Anthrax Vaccines

Andrew J. Phipps,1,2* Christopher Premanandan,1,2 Roy E. Barnewall,3 and Michael D. Lairmore1,4,5,6

Department of Veterinary Biosciences,1 Center for Microbial Interface Biology,2 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute,4 Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics,5 Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University,6 Medical Research Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio3

The intentional use of Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, as a bioterrorist weapon in late 2001 made our society acutely aware of the importance of developing, testing, and stockpiling adequate countermeasures against biological attacks. Biodefense vaccines are an important component of our arsenal to be used during a biological attack. However, most of the agents considered significant threats either have been eradicated or rarely infect humans alive today. As such, vaccine efficacy cannot be determined in human clinical trials but must be extrapolated from experimental animal models. This article reviews the efficacy and immunogenicity of human anthrax vaccines in well-defined animal models and the progress toward developing a rugged immunologic correlate of protection. The ongoing evaluation of human anthrax vaccines will be dependent on animal efficacy data in the absence of human efficacy data for licensure by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210-1093. Phone: (614) 292-5661. Fax: (614) 292-6473. E-mail: Phipps.16{at}osu.edu.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, December 2004, p. 617-629, Vol. 68, No. 4
1092-2172/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.68.4.617-629.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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