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Most read article(s)

  • Does Gender Bias Still Affect Women in Science?
    Review
    Does Gender Bias Still Affect Women in Science?

    The percentage of women employed in professional scientific positions has been low but is increasing over time. The U.S. National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation have both implemented programs to improve women’s participation in science, and many universities and companies have diversity and equity programs.

    Rachel L. Roper
  • Structural Biology of the Enterovirus Replication-Linked 5′-Cloverleaf RNA and Associated Virus Proteins
    Review
    Structural Biology of the Enterovirus Replication-Linked 5′-Cloverleaf RNA and Associated Virus Proteins

    Although enteroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases and conditions, their mode of replication is well conserved. Their genome is carried as a single, positive-sense RNA strand. At the 5′ end of the strand is an approximately 90-nucleotide self-complementary region called the 5′ cloverleaf, or the oriL. This noncoding region serves as a platform upon which host and virus proteins, including the 3B, 3C, and 3D virus...

    Steven M. Pascal, Ravindranath Garimella, Meghan S. Warden, Komala Ponniah
  • Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection
    Review
    Gut Microbiota and Colonization Resistance against Bacterial Enteric Infection

    The gut microbiome is critical in providing resistance against colonization by exogenous microorganisms. The mechanisms via which the gut microbiota provide colonization resistance (CR) have not been fully elucidated, but they include secretion of antimicrobial products, nutrient competition, support of gut barrier integrity, and bacteriophage deployment.

    Q. R. Ducarmon, R. D. Zwittink, B. V. H. Hornung, W. van Schaik, V. B. Young, E. J. Kuijper
  • <em>Salmonella</em> versus the Microbiome
    Review
    Salmonella versus the Microbiome

    A balanced gut microbiota contributes to health, but the mechanisms maintaining homeostasis remain elusive. Microbiota assembly during infancy is governed by competition between species and by environmental factors, termed habitat filters, that determine the range of successful traits within the microbial community.

    Andrew W. L. Rogers, Renée M. Tsolis, Andreas J. Bäumler
  • Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression by Transcription Attenuation
    Review
    Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression by Transcription Attenuation

    A wide variety of mechanisms that control gene expression in bacteria are based on conditional transcription termination. Generally, in these mechanisms, a transcription terminator is located between a promoter and a downstream gene(s), and the efficiency of the terminator is controlled by a regulatory effector that can be a metabolite, protein, or RNA.

    Charles L. Turnbough
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Conidial Germination in <em>Aspergillus</em> spp.
    Review
    Molecular Mechanisms of Conidial Germination in Aspergillus spp.

    Aspergilli produce conidia for reproduction or to survive hostile conditions, and they are highly effective in the distribution of conidia through the environment. In immunocompromised individuals, inhaled conidia can germinate inside the respiratory tract, which may result in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The management of invasive aspergillosis has become more complex, with new risk groups being identified and the emergence of...

    Tim J. H. Baltussen, Jan Zoll, Paul E. Verweij, Willem J. G. Melchers
  • Global Organization and Proposed Megataxonomy of the Virus World
    Review
    Global Organization and Proposed Megataxonomy of the Virus World

    Viruses and mobile genetic elements are molecular parasites or symbionts that coevolve with nearly all forms of cellular life. The route of virus replication and protein expression is determined by the viral genome type. Comparison of these routes led to the classification of viruses into seven “Baltimore classes” (BCs) that define the major features of virus reproduction. However, recent phylogenomic studies identified multiple...

    Eugene V. Koonin, Valerian V. Dolja, Mart Krupovic, Arvind Varsani, Yuri I. Wolf, Natalya Yutin, F. Murilo Zerbini, Jens H. Kuhn
  • Pharmacologically Aware Phage Therapy: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Obstacles to Phage Antibacterial Action in Animal and Human Bodies
    Review
    Pharmacologically Aware Phage Therapy: Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Obstacles to Phage Antibacterial Action in Animal and Human Bodies

    The use of viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophages or phages) to treat bacterial infections has been ongoing clinically for approximately 100 years. Despite that long history, the growing international crisis of resistance to standard antibiotics, abundant anecdotal evidence of efficacy, and one successful modern clinical trial of efficacy, this phage therapy is not yet a mainstream approach in medicine.

    Krystyna Dąbrowska, Stephen T. Abedon
  • <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> as a Model To Study Chemosensory Pathway Signaling
    Review
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Model To Study Chemosensory Pathway Signaling

    Bacteria have evolved a variety of signal transduction mechanisms that generate different outputs in response to external stimuli. Chemosensory pathways are widespread in bacteria and are among the most complex signaling mechanisms, requiring the participation of at least six proteins.

    Miguel A. Matilla, David Martín-Mora, Jose A. Gavira, Tino Krell
  • More than a Pore: Nonlytic Antimicrobial Functions of Complement and Bacterial Strategies for Evasion
    Review
    More than a Pore: Nonlytic Antimicrobial Functions of Complement and Bacterial Strategies for Evasion

    The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism against foreign substances. Consisting of three proteolytic activation pathways, complement converges on a common effector cascade terminating in the formation of a lytic pore on the target surface.

    Elisabet Bjanes, Victor Nizet

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