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Review

Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology

Lee R. Lynd, Paul J. Weimer, Willem H. van Zyl, Isak S. Pretorius
Lee R. Lynd
1Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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  • For correspondence: leelynd@dartmouth.edu
Paul J. Weimer
2USDA Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center and Department of Bacteriology, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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Willem H. van Zyl
3Department of Microbiology
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Isak S. Pretorius
4Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002
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  • Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology - December 01, 2002

SUMMARY

SUMMARY Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for “consolidated bioprocessing” (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.

  • Copyright © 2002 American Society for Microbiology
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Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology
Lee R. Lynd, Paul J. Weimer, Willem H. van Zyl, Isak S. Pretorius
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Sep 2002, 66 (3) 506-577; DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002

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Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology
Lee R. Lynd, Paul J. Weimer, Willem H. van Zyl, Isak S. Pretorius
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Sep 2002, 66 (3) 506-577; DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002
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  • Top
  • Article
    • SUMMARY
    • INTRODUCTION
    • FUNDAMENTALS
    • METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR STUDY
    • QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS
    • PROCESSING OF CELLULOSIC BIOMASS— A BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
    • ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT FOR CONSOLIDATED BIOPROCESSING
    • CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

bacteria
Biotechnology
cellulose
Genetic Engineering
Yeasts

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