Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
Simplified model of plant cell wall structure. (A) The structure consists of three main layers: the middle lamella and the primary and secondary walls. (A and B) The main polysaccharides and lignin which form the surrounding structure for the plasma membrane are presented in the primary (B) and secondary wall (C). The lignin content in the primary cell wall (not illustrated) varies considerably depending on the plant species (Table 1). The illustrations are not to scale.
- FIG 2
Schematic representation of plant cell wall polysaccharides and selected corresponding polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. (A) Cellulose; (B) xyloglucan; (C) β-glucan; (D) heteroxylan; (E) heteromannan; (F) pectin. Enzyme abbreviations are presented in Table 2. Polysaccharide structures were drawn by using data reported previously by Mohnen (203) and Doblin et al. (204).
- FIG 3
Average molecular masses (kDa for monomers) (A), isoelectric points (pI) (B), pH optima (C), and temperature optima (D) of selected CAZymes from basidiomycetous (first columns, in dark colors) and Aspergillus species (second columns, in light colors). EG, endoglucanase; CBH, cellobiohydrolase; BGL, β-glucosidase; XLN, endoxylanase; MAN, endomannanase; MND, β-mannosidase; AGL, α-galactosidase; AGU, α-glucuronidase; CDH, cellobiose dehydrogenase. The number of characterized enzymes used for calculation of mean values is marked at the root of each column. Error bars show the minimum and maximum values reported for each biochemical characteristic. −, no mean value was available.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Approximate chemical compositions of softwood, hardwood, monocot, and dicot plant cell wallsa
Plant material Chemical composition (% dry wt)b Cellulose Hemicelluloses Pectin Lignin Mannan Xylan β-Glucan Xyloglucan Softwood 33–42 10–15 5–11 — — — 27–32 Hardwood 38–47 2–5 15–30 — — — 21–31 Monocots Primary 20–30 Minor 20–40 10–30 1–5 5 Minor Secondary 35–45 Minor 40–50 Minor Minor Minor 20 Dicots Primary 15–30 5–10 5 ND 20–25 20–30 Minor Secondary 45–50 3–5 20–30 ND Minor Minor 7–10 - TABLE 2
Plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes
Substrate Enzyme activity EC no.a Abbreviation CAZyme family(ies) Cellulose β-1,4-Endoglucanase 3.2.1.4 EG GH3, -5, -6, -7, -9, -12, -45 Cellobiohydrolase (reducing end) 3.2.1.176 CBHI GH7 Cellobiohydrolase (nonreducing end) 3.2.1.91 CBHII GH6 β-1,4-Glucosidase 3.2.1.21 BGL GH1, -3 Cellobiose dehydrogenase 1.1.99.18 CDH AA3_1, AA8 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase NA LPMO AA9 Xylan β-1,4-Endoxylanase 3.2.1.8 XLN GH10, -11 Xylobiohydrolase 3.2.1.– XBH β-1,4-Xylosidase 3.2.1.37 BXL GH3, -43 Galactomannan β-1,4-Endomannanase 3.2.1.78 MAN GH5, -26 β-1,4-Mannosidase 3.2.1.25 MND GH2 β-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.23 LAC GH2, -35 α-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.22 AGL GH27, -36 α-Arabinofuranosidase 3.2.1.55 ABF GH51, -54 Galactomannan acetyl esterase 3.1.1.– GMAE Xyloglucan Xyloglucan β-1,4-endoglucanase 3.2.1.151 XEG GH12, -74 α-Arabinofuranosidase 3.2.1.55 ABF GH51, -54 α-Xylosidase 3.2.1.177 AXL GH31 α-Fucosidase 3.2.1.51 AFC GH29, -95 α-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.22 AGL GH27, -36 β-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.23 LAC GH2, -35 Arabinoxylan Arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase/arabinofuranosidase 3.2.1.55 AXH GH62 α-Glucuronidase 3.2.1.139 AGU GH67, -115 α-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.22 AGL GH27, -36 β-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.23 LAC GH2, -35 Acetyl xylan esterase 3.1.1.72 AXE CE1, -5 Feruloyl esterase 3.1.1.73 FAE CE1 Pectin Endopolygalacturonases 3.2.1.15 PGA GH28 Exopolygalacturonases 3.2.1.67 PGX GH28 Xylogalacturonan hydrolase 3.2.1.– XGH Endorhamnogalacturonase 3.2.1.171 RHG GH28 Exorhamnogalacturonase 3.2.1.– RHX GH28 Rhamnogalacturonan rhamnohydrolase 3.2.1.174 RGXB GH28 α-Rhamnosidase 3.2.1.40 RHA GH78 α-Arabinofuranosidase 3.2.1.55 ABF GH51, -54, -62 Endoarabinanase 3.2.1.99 ABN GH43 Exoarabinanase 3.2.1.– ABX GH93 β-1,4-Endogalactanase 3.2.1.89 GAL GH53 Unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase 3.2.1.– UGH GH88 Unsaturated rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase 3.2.1.172 URH GH105 β-1,4-Xylosidase 3.2.1.37 BXL GH3, -43 β-1,4-Galactosidase 3.2.1.23 LAC GH2, -35 Pectin lyase 4.2.2.10 PEL PL1 Pectate lyase 4.2.2.2 PLY PL1, -3, -9 Rhamnogalacturonan lyase 4.2.2.23 RGL PL4, -11 Pectin methyl esterase 3.1.1.11 PME CE8 Pectin acetyl esterase 3.1.1.– PAE Rhamnogalacturonan acetyl esterase 3.1.1.– RGAE CE12 Feruloyl esterase 3.1.1.73 FAE CE1 ↵a NA, not categorized by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB).
- TABLE 3
List of basidiomycete species with published genomes and CAZyme annotations
- TABLE 4
Distribution of CAZyme-encoding genes in basidiomycetes and Aspergillus speciesd
a No β-N-acetylhexosaminidase was included.
b β-1,4-Endoglucanase and β-1,4-endomannanase are included.
c Can also include models associated with more than one category.
↵d Gene numbers are based on previously reported data for the following organisms, and basidiomycete data are updated according to Riley et al. (55): Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus (9), Aspergillus fumigatus (208), Aspergillus nidulans (49, 209), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 1015) (84, 210), Aspergillus oryzae (211), Auricularia subglabra (11), Bjerkandera adusta (205), Botryobasidium botryosum (55), Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (12), Coniophora puteana (11), Coprinopsis cinerea (206), Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (81), Dacryopinax sp. (11), Dichomitus squalens (11), Fomitiporia mediterranea (11), Fomitopsis pinicola (11), Galerina marginata (55), Ganoderma lucidum (14), Ganoderma sp. (205), Gloeophyllum trabeum (11), Heterobasidion irregulare (66), Jaapia argillacea (55), Laccaria bicolor (7), Melampsora laricis-populina (10), Phanerochaete carnosa (45), Phanerochaete chrysosporium (6), Phlebia brevispora (205), Piriformospora indica (77), Pleurotus ostreatus (55), Postia placenta (18), Puccinia graminis (10), Punctularia strigosozonata (11), Rhodotorula glutinis (82), Schizophyllum commune (15), Serpula lacrymans 7.9 (71), Stereum hirsutum (11), Trametes versicolor (11), Tremella mesenterica (11), Ustilago maydis (8), Wallemia sebi (207), Wolfiporia cocos (11), and Volvariella volvacea (13). †, white rot-like; *, ecological classification uncertain; —, not in published papers.
- TABLE 5
Characterized basidiomycete β-1,4-endoglucanases and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHopt Topt (°C) Reference(s) White rot Cerrena unicolor 44 4.0 212 Dichomitus squalens En I 42 4.8 4.8 55 213 D. squalens En II 56 4.3 4.8 55 213 D. squalens En III 47 4.1 4.8 55 213 Ganoderma lucidum 55 4.7 16 G. lucidum 43 4.7 16 Irpex lacteus 56 4.0 50 214 I. lacteus En-1 16 4.0 50 215 I. lacteus E2-A 216 I. lacteus E2-B 216 I. lacteus GH5 En-1* 38 217 Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH5 cel5A EG36 AAU12275 36 5.6–5.7 58, 90 P. chrysosporium GH5 cel5A EG38 AAU12275 38 4.9 58, 90 P. chrysosporium GH5 cel5B EG44 44 4.3 58, 90 P. chrysosporium GH12 cel12A Cel12A AAU12276 28 5.2 58, 91 P. chrysosporium GH45 PcCel45A 18 92 Polyporus arcularius CMCase I 39 4.4–4.6 68 218 P. arcularius CMCase II 36 4.4–4.6 68 218 P. arcularius GH3 cel3A CMCase IIIa BAD98315 24 4.9 52 218, 219 Sporotrichum pulverulentumc T1 32 5.3 220 S. pulverulentumc T2a 37 4.7 220 S. pulverulentumc T2b 28 4.4 220 S. pulverulentumc T3a 38 4.7 220 S. pulverulentumc T3b 37 4.2 220 Trametes hirsuta GH5 ThEG 44 221 T. hirsuta GH5 rEG* 50 5.0 50 221 Trametes versicolor 30 222, 223 Brown rot Coniophora cerebella A 42 4.7 224 C. cerebella B 39 4.2 224 Fomitopsis palustris 40 225 F. palustris GH5 EG47 47 105 F. palustris EG35 35 105 F. palustris GH12 cel12 106 F. palustris GH12 eg2 EGII BAF49602 24 3.5 55 226 Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Lenzites sepiaria) 85 227 G. sepiarium EGS 45 3.8 4.1 59 108 Gloeophyllum trabeum EGT 41 3.1 4.2 62 108 G. trabeum GH5 Cel5A 42 4.9 103 G. trabeum GH12 Cel12A 28 103 G. trabeum (Lenzites trabea) 29 4.4 70 145 Serpula incrassata Cel 25 25 <3.6 50 228 S. incrassata Cel 49 49 <3.6 228 S. incrassata Cel 57 57 <3.6 228 Piptoporus betulinus EG1 62 2.6–2.8 3.5 70 109 Postia placenta 35–40 229 Straw decomposing Volvariella volvacea GH5 eg1 EG1 AAG59832 42 7.7 7.5 55 89, 230 Plant pathogen Polyporus schweinitzii 45 4.0 60 231, 232 Sclerotium rolfsii Endo A 52 4.6 4.0 74 233 S. rolfsii Endo B 27 4.2 2.3–3.0 50 233 S. rolfsii Endo C 78 4.5 4.0 50 233 Ustilago maydis GH45 egl1 Egl1 AAB36147 93 Yeast Rhodotorula glutinis 40 8.6 4.5 50 234 - TABLE 6
Characterized basidiomycete cellobiohydrolases and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzyme NCBI protein database accession no.a Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHopt Topt (°C) Reference(s) White rot Dichomitus squalens Ex 1 39 4.6 5.0 60 235 D. squalens Ex 2 36 4.5 5.0 60 235 D. squalens GH7 cel7b CDJ79665 61 Flammulina velutipes GH7 cel7a FvCel7A BAJ07534 50 236 F. velutipes GH7 cel7b FvCel7B BAJ07535 60 236 Ganoderma lucidum 56 5.2 16 G. lucidum 49 5.0 16 G. lucidum 50 5.6 16 Irpex lacteus GH7 cel1 Ex-1 BAA76363 53 4.5 5.0 50 189, 237 I. lacteus GH7 cel2 Ex-2 BAA76364 56 4.8 5.0 50 189 I. lacteus GH7 cel3 BAA76365 238 I. lacteus GH6 cex3 BAG48183 60 50 239 I. lacteus 65 5.0 50 240 Lentinula edodes GH7 cel7A CEL7A AAK95563 241 L. edodes GH6 cel6B CEL6B AAK95564 241 Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH7 cbh1-1 Cel7A CAA38274 95, 192, 242 P. chrysosporium GH7 cbh1-2 Cel7B CAA38275 95, 192, 242 P. chrysosporium GH7 cbh1 Cel7C AAB46373 62 4.9 94, 95, 192, 242, 243 P. chrysosporium GH7 cbh1-4 Cel7D AAA19802 58 3.8 94, 95, 244 P. chrysosporium GH7 cbh1-5 Cel7E 95 P. chrysosporium GH7 cbh1-6/7 Cel7F/G 6, 95, 242 P. chrysosporium GH6 CBH50 50 4.9 94 P. chrysosporium GH6 cbhII CBHII AAB32942 245 Polyporus arcularius GH7 cel1 BAF80326 246 P. arcularius GH6 cel2 BAF80327 246 Brown rot Coniophora puteana CBHI 52 3.6 5.0 107 C. puteana CBHII 50 3.6 5.0 107 Fomitopsis palustris 4.5 70 104 Litter decomposing Agaricus arvensis GH7 HM004552b 130c 4.0 65 247 Agaricus bisporus GH6 cel3AC CEL3 AAA50607 52 186 A. bisporus GH7 cel2 CAA90422 133 Straw decomposing Volvariella volvacea GH7 cbhI CBHI AAD41096 98 V. volvacea GH6 cbhII CBHII AAD41097 98 Coprophilic Coprinopsis cinerea GH6 CcCel6A CcCel6A BAH08702 248, 249 C. cinerea GH6 CcCel6B CcCel6B BAH08703 248, 249 C. cinerea GH6 CcCel6C CcCel6C BAH08704 248, 249 C. cinerea GH6 CcCel6D BAH08705 249 C. cinerea GH6 CcCel6E BAH08706 249 White rot plant pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare GH7 HirCel7A 50 4.0 45 97 Plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii 41.5–42.0 4.3 4.2 37 250 Insect symbiont Termitomyces sp. GH6 Cellulase IF 52 4.4 251 - TABLE 7
Characterized basidiomycete β-glucosidases and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHopt Topt (°C) Reference(s) White rot Ceriporiopsis (Gelatoporia) subvermispora 110 3.5 60 252 C. subvermispora 53 3.5 60 252 Fomes fomentarius 58 6.7 4.5–5.0 60 100 Phanerochaete chrysosporium 90 5.5 45 101 P. chrysosporium 410 7.0 45 101 P. chrysosporium 45 4.7 5.0 60 253 P. chrysosporium 114 4.0–5.2 254 P. chrysosporium GH3 cbgl-1 AAC26490 255 P. chrysosporium GH3 cbgl-2 AAC26489 255 P. chrysosporium GH3 wtBGL BAB85988 116 256, 257 P. chrysosporium GH3 rBGL* BAB85988 133 257 P. chrysosporium GH1 bgl1A BG1A* BAE87008 53 113 P. chrysosporium GH1 bgl1B BG1B* BAE87009 60 113 Pleurotus ostreatus F1 35 7.5 4.0 40 99 P. ostreatus F2 50 7.3 4.0 50 99 P. ostreatus F3 66 8.5 5.0 50 99 Trametes gibbosa 640 3.5 40–50 258 Trametes versicolor 300 4.3 45 185, 259 Sporotrichum pulverulentumc A1 165 4.8 4.0–4.5 260 S. pulverulentumc A2 172 4.5 4.0–4.5 260 S. pulverulentumc B1-3 165–182 4.6–5.2 4.0–4.5 260 Stereum hirsutum BGL 98 261 White rot-like Schizophyllum commune 97 5.3 262 S. commune I 102 3.4 5.8 263 S. commune II 96 3.3 5.1 263 Brown rot Fomitopsis palustris GH3 Cel3A Cel3A* NR 70 5.0 60 146 Gloeophyllum trabeum (Lenzites trabea) 320 4.5 75 145, 264 Piptoporus betulinus BG1 36 2.6 4.0 60 109 Poria vaillantii 4.2 50 265 Litter decomposing Agaricus bisporus bg1 CAC03462 —d Straw decomposing Volvariella volvacea BGL-I 158 5.6 7.0 55–60 102 V. volvacea BGL-II 256 5.0–5.2 6.2 55–60 102 V. volvacea GH3 bgl AAG59831 95 266 Plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii BG-1 90 4.1 4.2 68 187 S. rolfsii BG-2 90 4.6 4.2 68 187 S. rolfsii BG-3 107 5.1 4.2 68 187 S. rolfsii BG-4 92 5.6 4.2 68 187 Ustilago esculenta GH3 UeBgl3A* BAK61808 110 5.0 40 267 Ectomycorrhiza Tricholoma matsutake 160 5.0 60 268 Pisolithus tinctorius 450e 3.8 4.0 65 269 Insect symbiont Termitomyces clypeatus 116 5.0 45 270 T. clypeatus 110 4.5 5.0 65 271 Yeast Rhodotorula minuta 144 4.8 4.7–5.2 70 188 Sporobolomyces singularis GH1 bglA BglA BAD95570 74 3.5 45 112 ↵a Asterisks indicate a heterologously produced enzyme. wtBGL, wild-type BGL.
↵b See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein. NR, not reported.
↵c Anamorph of P. chrysosporium.
↵d Available in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/GenBank/).
↵e Trimer.
- TABLE 8
Characterized basidiomycete cellobiose dehydrogenases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, their biochemical properties, and their corresponding genes
Life-style Species CAZyme family(ies) Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHoptc Toptc (°C) Reference(s) Cellobiose dehydrogenase White rot Ceriporiopsis subvermispora AA3_1, AA8 cdh ACF60617 87–98 3.0 4.5 60 116 Irpex lacteus CDHII 97 4.0d 50d 118 Phanerochaete chrysosporium cdh AAC49277 89 4.2 5.0 272, 273 P. chrysosporium cdh CDH* CAA61359 90 4.2 3.5–4d 274–276 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus cdh AAC32197 92 3.8 4.5 75 277, 278 P. cinnabarinus CDHI 81 5.9 5.5 279 P. cinnabarinus CDHII 101 3.8 4.5 279 P. cinnabarinus CDH* ADX41688 110 4.5 70 280 Trametes hirsuta 92 4.2 5.0e 60–70 117 Trametes pubescens TpCDH 90 4.2 4.5–5.0e 119 Trametes versicolor AA3_1, AA8 cdh CDH 4.2* AAC50004 97 4.2 4.5 55 281–283 T. versicolor AA3_1 CDH 6.4 6.4 55 281 Trametes villosa TvCDH 89 4.4 4.5–5.0e 119 Grifola frondosa cdh GfrCDH BAC20641 284 Phlebia lindtneri cdh AGE45679 104 4.0 5.0e 60e 285 Pycnoporus sanguineus AA3_1, AA8 113 4.2 4.5 70 286 White rot-like Schizophyllum commune 102 287 Brown rot Coniophora puteana 111 3.9 120, 121 Coprophilic Coprinopsis cinerea AA3_1, AA8 CDHcc* ∼80 5.0 60 114 Plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii AA3_1, AA8 101 4.2–5.0 3.2–4.8 55 288, 289 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases White rot Heterobasidion irregulare AA9 HiGH61A GH61A AFO72232 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61B GH61B AFO72233 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61C 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61D GH61D AFO72234 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61E 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61F AFO72235 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61G AFO72236 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61H AFO72237 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61I AFO72238 290 H. irregulare AA9 HiGH61J AFO72239 290 Phanerochaete chrysosporium AA9 PcGH61D* 25 4.8 125 - TABLE 9
Characterized basidiomycete β-1,4-endoxylanases and β-xylosidases and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHopt Topt (°C) Reference Endoxylanase White rot Ceriporiopsis (Gelatoporia) subvermispora Xylanase I 79 8.0 50 128 C. subvermispora 29 5.0 60 291 Cerrena unicolor 44 4.0 212 Ganoderma lucidum Xylanase B 31 5.4 16 Irpex lacteus 38 7.6–8.0 4.6–5.2 60 292 I. lacteus Xylanase I 38 6.0 60 293 I. lacteus Xylanase III 62 6.0 70 293 Lentinula edodes 41 3.6 4.5–5.0 60 294 L. edodes GH11 xyn11A XYN11A* AAL04152 4.5 50 295 L. edodes GH10 35 4.0 50 296 Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH10 xynA XynA* ABZ88797 52 4.5 70 297 P. chrysosporium GH11 xynB XynB* ABZ88798 30 4.5 60 297 P. chrysosporium GH10 xynC XynC* ABZ88799 50 4.5 70 297 P. chrysosporium GH10 XynA XynA* AEK97220 50 5.0 70 298 P. chrysosporium GH10 XynC XynC* AEK97221 55 5.0 70 299 P. chrysosporium GH10 XynA XYNA* AAG44992 48 300 P. chrysosporium GH11 XynB XYNB* AAG44995 37 300 Phlebia radiata XA-1 19 6.7 131 P. radiata XA-2 16 4.1 131 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 50 4.0 5.0 60 277 White rot-like Schizophyllum commune GH11 Xylanase A 33 5.0 55 301 S. commune GH10 XynB 31 2.8 5.5 50 302 S. commune XynC 30 3.6 5.5 50 302 Brown rot Gloeophyllum trabeum 39–42 5.0 4.0 80 303 G. trabeum GH10 Xyn10A 39 4.8 103 G. trabeum GH10 Xyn10A* AFR33046 3.4 50 129 G. trabeum GH10 Xyn10B* AFR33047 4.5 70 129 G. trabeum GH10 Xyl10g AEJ35165 —c Laetiporus sulfureus 69 3.0 80 304 Postia placenta 43 3.8 305 Litter decomposing Agaricus bisporus GH10 xynA XLNA* CAB05665 34 190 Coprophilic Coprinopsis cinerea GH11 Xyn11C* AFR33049 6.5 50–60 129 Insect symbiont Termitomyces clypeatus 90 5.5 55 306 Termitomyces sp. 87 5.6 65–70 307 β-Xylosidase White rot Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH43 PcXyl rPcXyl* AFW16059 83 5.0 45 130 Phlebia radiata XD-1 27 5.9 131 Plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii 170 4.5 50 308 ↵a Asterisks indicate a heterologously produced enzyme.
↵c Available in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/GenBank/).
- TABLE 10
Characterized basidiomycete β-1,4-endomannanases and mannosidases and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHopt Topt (°C) Reference(s) β-Endomannanase White rot Ceriporiopsis (Gelatoporia) subvermispora Mannanase I 150 4.5 60 128 Heterobasidion irregulare (Fomes annosus) 3.9–4.2 309 Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH5 man5D Man5D* ABG79370 65 4.0–6.0 60 132 P. chrysosporium GH5 man5C ABG79371 —c P. chrysosporium (Chrysosporium lignorum) 4.11 309 Litter decomposing Agaricus bisporus GH5 Cel4b 133, 134 Plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii 61 3.5 2.9 74 135, 136, 310, 311 S. rolfsii 42 3.2 3.3 72 135, 310 S. rolfsii 47 2.8 3.0–3.5 75 138 Stereum sanguinolentum 3.58 309 β-Mannosidase White rot Ganoderma lucidum 49 4.2 16 G. lucidum 49 4.8 16 Phlebia radiata GM-1 105 4.8 5.5 50 141 P. radiata GM-2 90 3.8 5.5 50 141 P. radiata OT-1 100 4.7 5.5 50 141 Brown rot Laetiporus (Polyporus) sulfureus 64 2.4–3.4 142 Plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii 58 4.5 2.5 55 135 ↵a Asterisks indicate a heterologously produced enzyme.
↵b See (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein).
↵c Available in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/GenBank/).
- TABLE 11
Characterized basidiomycete pectin-degrading enzymes and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI(s) pHopt Topt (°C) Reference(s) Endo/exopolygalacturonases and rhamnogalacturonases White rot Phanerochaete chrysosporium 42 4.3, 4.6, 4.7 4.7 66 147 Plant pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum GH28 epgA AAF68401 150 C. purpureum GH28 epgB1 AAF68402 150 C. purpureum GH28 epgB2 AAK29433 150 C. purpureum GH28 epgC AAF68403 150 C. purpureum GH28 epgD AAF68404 150 C. purpureum GH28 cppg1 PGA BAA96351 149 C. purpureum GH28 Pg1 PGA BAA08102 39 8.8 148 Sclerotium (Corticium) rolfsii PGA 2.5 151 S. rolfsii 46–48 5.2 4.0 152 S. rolfsii 28–31 5.2 4.0 152 Yeast Cystofilobasidium capitatum PGA 44 45 153, 154 Rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase White rot Irpex lacteus RGH* ACI26689 55 7.2 4.5–5.0 40–50 155, 156 ↵a The asterisk indicates a heterologously produced enzyme.
- TABLE 12
Characterized basidiomycete-debranching enzymes and their biochemical properties
Life-style Species CAZyme family Gene Enzymea NCBI protein database accession no.b Molecular mass (kDa) pI pHopt Topt (°C) Reference(s) α-Arabinofuranosidase White rot Dichomitus squalens 60 5.1 3.5 60 312 Coprophilic Coprinopsis cinerea GH62 CcAbf62A CcAbf62A* BAK14423 48 7.0 45 313 α-Galactosidase White rot Ganoderma lucidum 49 4.6 16 G. lucidum 249c 6.0 70 166 Lenzites elegans GH36 158d 4.0–4.2 4.5 60–80 167 Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH27 AAG24510, AAG24511 250c 3.75 165, 314 Phlebia radiata AgaS-b1 60 7.2 5.0 60 169 P. radiata AgaS-b2 59 5.7 5.0 60 169 P. radiata AgaS-b3 60 3.5 5.0 60 169 P. radiata AgaS-m1 55 6.7 5.0 60 169 P. radiata AgaS-m2 58 5.7 5.0 60 169 P. radiata AgaS-m3 64 5.0 5.0 60 169 Pleurotus florida 99 4.6–5.0 55 168 Saprobic Calvatia cyathiformis 3.0–5.0 50 315 β-Galactosidase Plant pathogen Sclerotium (Corticium) rolfsii 2.0–2.5 316 Yeast Sporobolomyces (Bullera) singularis 53 5.0 50 317 β-1,3-Endo/exogalactanase White rot Flammulina velutipes GH16 FvEn3GAL FvEn3GAL* BAK48741 30 5.5 50 318 Irpex lacteus GH43 Il1,3Gal rIl1,3Gal* BAH29957 45 4.5 40 319 Galactan β-1,3-galactosidase White rot Phanerochaete chrysosporium GH43 1,3Gal43A 1,3Gal43A* BAD98241 55 320 α-Glucuronidase White rot Phanerochaete chrysosporium 112 4.6 3.5 160 Phlebia radiata 110 4.4 3.8 60 161 White rot-like Schizophyllum commune GH115 Agu1 Agu1* ADV52250 163 S. commune 125 3.6 4.5–5.5 162 Litter decomposing Agaricus bisporus 3.3 52 321 Acetyl xylan esterase White rot Phanerochaete chrysosporium CE1 axe1 58 P. chrysosporium CE1 PcAxe2 PcAxe2* AEX99751 63 7.0 30–35 170 White rot-like Schizophyllum commune 31 7.7 30–45 322 Straw decomposing Volvariella volvacea Vvaxe1 VvAXE1* ABI63599 45 8.0 60 323 Coprophilic Coprinopsis cinereae CcEst1 CcEst1* BAJ10857 45 324 Feruloyl esterase White rot Auricularia auricula-judae EstBC 36 3.2 6.5 61–66 175 Pleurotus eryngii FaeA 67 5.2 5.0 50 173 Pleurotus sapidus Est1 55 6.0 50 174 Pectin methyl esterase Plant pathogen Sclerotium (Corticium) rolfsii 37 2.5–4.5 45 159
- Top
- Article
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- PLANT CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDES
- ENZYMES MODIFYING PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES
- BASIDIOMYCETE GENOMES AND PLANT POLYSACCHARIDE DEGRADATION
- CHARACTERIZED PLANT CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDE-DEGRADING ENZYMES IN BASIDIOMYCETES AND Aspergillus
- REGULATION OF PLANT POLYSACCHARIDE DEGRADATION IN BASIDIOMYCETES AND Aspergillus
- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Author Bios
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics