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Review

Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions

Chris Greening, F. Hafna Ahmed, A. Elaaf Mohamed, Brendon M. Lee, Gunjan Pandey, Andrew C. Warden, Colin Scott, John G. Oakeshott, Matthew C. Taylor, Colin J. Jackson
Chris Greening
aThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land & Water Flagship, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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F. Hafna Ahmed
bAustralian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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A. Elaaf Mohamed
bAustralian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Brendon M. Lee
bAustralian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Gunjan Pandey
aThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land & Water Flagship, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Andrew C. Warden
aThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land & Water Flagship, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Colin Scott
aThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land & Water Flagship, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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John G. Oakeshott
aThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land & Water Flagship, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Matthew C. Taylor
aThe Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land & Water Flagship, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Colin J. Jackson
bAustralian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00070-15
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SUMMARY

5-Deazaflavin cofactors enhance the metabolic flexibility of microorganisms by catalyzing a wide range of challenging enzymatic redox reactions. While structurally similar to riboflavin, 5-deazaflavins have distinctive and biologically useful electrochemical and photochemical properties as a result of the substitution of N-5 of the isoalloxazine ring for a carbon. 8-Hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (Fo) appears to be used for a single function: as a light-harvesting chromophore for DNA photolyases across the three domains of life. In contrast, its oligoglutamyl derivative F420 is a taxonomically restricted but functionally versatile cofactor that facilitates many low-potential two-electron redox reactions. It serves as an essential catabolic cofactor in methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and likely methanotrophic archaea. It also transforms a wide range of exogenous substrates and endogenous metabolites in aerobic actinobacteria, for example mycobacteria and streptomycetes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of F420 in microorganisms and the biochemistry of the various oxidoreductases that mediate these roles. Particular focus is placed on the central roles of F420 in methanogenic archaea in processes such as substrate oxidation, C1 pathways, respiration, and oxygen detoxification. We also describe how two F420-dependent oxidoreductase superfamilies mediate many environmentally and medically important reactions in bacteria, including biosynthesis of tetracycline and pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotics by streptomycetes, activation of the prodrugs pretomanid and delamanid by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and degradation of environmental contaminants such as picrate, aflatoxin, and malachite green. The biosynthesis pathways of Fo and F420 are also detailed. We conclude by considering opportunities to exploit deazaflavin-dependent processes in tuberculosis treatment, methane mitigation, bioremediation, and industrial biocatalysis.

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Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions
Chris Greening, F. Hafna Ahmed, A. Elaaf Mohamed, Brendon M. Lee, Gunjan Pandey, Andrew C. Warden, Colin Scott, John G. Oakeshott, Matthew C. Taylor, Colin J. Jackson
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Apr 2016, 80 (2) 451-493; DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00070-15

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Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions
Chris Greening, F. Hafna Ahmed, A. Elaaf Mohamed, Brendon M. Lee, Gunjan Pandey, Andrew C. Warden, Colin Scott, John G. Oakeshott, Matthew C. Taylor, Colin J. Jackson
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Apr 2016, 80 (2) 451-493; DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00070-15
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  • Article
    • SUMMARY
    • 1. INTRODUCTION
    • 2. 5-DEAZAFLAVIN COMPOUNDS
    • 3. F420 IN METHANOGENS AND OTHER ARCHAEA
    • 4. F420 IN MYCOBACTERIA AND OTHER BACTERIA
    • 5. APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
    • 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
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